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Biology 1 > Lecture 21- salt and water balance and nitrogen excretion > Flashcards

Lecture 21- salt and water balance and nitrogen excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

What controls the volume, concentration and composition of extracellular fluids?

A

Excretory organs

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2
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The number of moles of active solutes per liter of solvent

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3
Q

How do excretory organs control osmolarity and volume of extracellular fluids?

A
  • Excretion of solutes in excess, NaCl, etc.

- Conserving valuable or short supply solutes- amino acids, glucose

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4
Q

What are osmoconformers?

A

Equilibirate their osmolarity with sea water

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5
Q

What is the osmolarity of the sea?

A

Very high, 300mosm/l

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6
Q

What are osmoregulators?

A

Maintain osmolarities lower than sea water

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7
Q

What animals are osmoconformers?

A

All vertebrate marine animals except sharks and rays

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8
Q

Where are osmoregulators found?

A

Extreme conditions- freshwater (too few proteins etc in interstital fluid), evaporating tide pools

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9
Q

What type of animal can be found in varied environments, including Utah’s great salt lake?

A

Brine shrimp - Artemia

2500 mosm/Liter

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10
Q

How do brine shrimp live in such varied environments?

A

In high osmolarity- Cl- is actively transported out through gills (Na+ ions follow)
In low osmolarity, chloride ion transport is reversed

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11
Q

What are ionic conformers?

A

Animals which allow their ionic composition to match their environment

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12
Q

What are ionic regulators?

A

animals which conserve some ions and excrete others to maintain ionic composition

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13
Q

Give an example of ionic regulators.

A

Some sea birds nasal glands excrete NaCl

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14
Q

Carbohydrates and fat end as…

A

Water and CO2

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15
Q

Proteins and nucleic acids end as…

A

nitrogenous waste

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16
Q

What is the most common nitrogenous waste?

A

Ammonia (NH3)

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17
Q

What is the name given to animals who secrete ammonia through their gills?

A

Ammonotelic

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18
Q

What do terrestrial animals do with ammonia?

A

Convert it to urea or uric acid

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19
Q

What name is given to animals which secrete urea?

A

Ureotelic animals

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20
Q

What name is given to animals which secrete insoluble uric acid?

A

Uricotelic animals

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21
Q

Most animals secrete more than one nitrogenous waste. Humans are ureotelic but also secrete:

A
  • Uric acid from metabolism of nucleic acids and coffee

- Ammonia- regulates pH of extracellular fluid by buffering urine

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22
Q

What is the main excretory organ in vertebrates?

A

The kidney

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23
Q

What is the main functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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24
Q

What do nephrons do?

A

Filter large volumes of blood and achieve bulk reabsoption

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25
Q

What adaptations have bony fish made to their excretory systems in response to their environment?

A

Produce very little urine to conserve water

Do not absorb some ions in their gut

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26
Q

How have cartilaginous fish adapted to conserve water?

A

Convert nitrogenous waste to compounds and retain large amounts of extracellular fluid with similar osmolarity to sea water

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27
Q

How do amphibians maintain salt and water balance?

A

-Reduced permeability of their skin to water
-Estivation: a state of low metabolic activity and low water demand
Some frogs fill a large bladder with water before estivation

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28
Q

What three adaptation enables reptiles to live outside of water?

A
  • Amniotic reproduction: shelled eggs
  • Scaled epidermis that retards water loss
  • Excretion of uric acid with little water loss
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29
Q

How have birds and mammals adapted to conserve water?

A
  • Surface coverings
  • Amniotic reproduction
  • Birds produce uric acid
  • Both can produce concentrated urine
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30
Q

What is the first step in urine formation in vertebrate nephrons?

A

-Filtration: blood is filtered in a glomerulus (a ball of capillaries)

31
Q

What happens after filtration in the glomerulus?

A

Tubular reabsorption: Glomerular filtrate flows into renal tubule where it is modified by reabsorption of specific nutrients, ions and water

32
Q

What happens after tubular reabsoption in the renal tubule?

A

Tubular secretion: glomerular filtrate is further modified when tubule cells transport subtances to be excreted into the tubular contents

33
Q

What transports substances to and from the renal tubules?

A

Peritubular capillaries

34
Q

Where does the glomerular filtrate go?

A

The Bowman’s capsule

35
Q

How does blood enter the Nephron?

A

Through the afferent arteriole

36
Q

How does blood leave the glomerulus?

A

Through the efferent arteriole

37
Q

What does the efferent arteriole become?

A

The peritubular capillaries

38
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Capsule cells that contact the glomerular capillaries- fine processes wrap around the capillaries

39
Q

Why is the rate of filtration high in the glomerulus?

A
  • High capillary blood pressure

- High permeability of glomerular capillaries and their podocytes

40
Q

What is the name of the duct that leads from the kidney to the urinary bladder?

A

The uretar

41
Q

What is the name given to the tube for urine excretion?

A

Urethra

42
Q

On what side does the uretar, renal artery and renal vein enter the kidney?

A

On the concave side

43
Q

What does the uretar branch and envelop?

A

Kidney tissues called Renal pyramids

44
Q

What do renal pyramids make up?

A

The medulla (inner core)

45
Q

What is the outer layer of the medulla?

A

The cortex

46
Q

What surrounds the base of the urethra?

A

Two sphincter muscles- one controlled by the autonomic nervous system, the other voluntary.

47
Q

What is in the region between the medulla and cortex?

A

The renal artery divides into the many arterioles that serve the nephrons

48
Q

Where are all the glomeruli located?

A

In the cortex

49
Q

What is the initial segment of a renal tube called?

A

The proximal convoluted tube (‘first’,’twisted’)

50
Q

Where are all of the proximal convoluted tubes located?

A

In the cortex

51
Q

What happens to the renal tube as it descends into the medulla?

A

The convoluted tube becomes less convoluted,

Tubule makes a hairpin turn and ascends back out

52
Q

What is the hairpin turn of the renal tubule called?

A

The loop of Henle

53
Q

What does the ascending loop of Henle become when it reaches the cortex?

A

The distal convoluted tube (distal-further from glomerulus)

54
Q

What do the distal convoluted tubes join to become?

A

A collecting duct in the cortex

55
Q

Where do collecting ducts go?

A

They descend through renal pyramids and empty into the pelvis- pelvic divisions join and leave the kidney as the ureter

56
Q

How are blood vessels organised in the kidneys?

A

Regular arrangement, parallels that of nephrons

57
Q

What is the name given to the peritubular capillaries that are parallel to the loop of Henle and collecting duct?

A

The vasa recta

58
Q

How are all of the peritubular capillaries from all of the Nephrons arranged?

A

They all join into venules which lead to the renal vein

59
Q

What structure is responsible for most reabsoption of water and solutes?

A

The proximal convoluted tubule.

60
Q

How does the proximal convoluted tube maximize reabsoption?

A
  • Microvilli increases surface area
  • Many mitochondria
  • Actively transport Na+, glucose and amino acids
  • Water follows transport of solutes
61
Q

How does urine become very concentrated?

A

Countercurrent multiplier mechanisms in the loops of Henle

62
Q

What is countercurrent multiplier mechanisms in the loops of Henle?

A

Tubule fluid flows in opposite directions in the ascending and descending limbs- loop increases osmolarity of interstital fluid in a gradual way

63
Q

What are the three loop of Henle segments?

A
  • Thick ascending limb
  • Thin ascending limb
  • Thin descending limb
64
Q

What does the thick ascending limb do?

A

Active transport of sodium ions (chloride follows) and raises their concentration in interstital fluid

65
Q

What does the thin descending limb do?

A

Loses water to the neighboring interstital fluid with high sodium and chloride ions

66
Q

What does the thin ascending limb do?

A

Receives concentrated fluid from descending limb and allows sodium and chloride diffusion into interstital fluid

67
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Membrane proteins abundant in highly water permable areas such as the PCT and decending loops of Henle

68
Q

What are the similarities between fluid in the collecting duct and the blood fluid?

A

Same concentrations

Different composition

69
Q

What is the major solute in the conducting duct?

A

Urea

70
Q

How do kidneys regulate blood pH?

A

Kidneys remove H+ and add HCO3- to the blood buffer system

71
Q

How is the blood buffer system formed?

A

hydration of CO2 followed by dissociation of carbonic acid

72
Q

What controls the acid levels in blood?

A

Lungs- add more CO2

Kidneys add base portion

73
Q

What is the result of renal failure?

A
  • High blood pressure because of salt and water
  • Uremic poisoning (too much urea)
  • Acidosis (metabolic acids)
74
Q

What does dialysis do?

A

Passes blood through membrane channels bathed in a plasma-like solution to remove wastes

Biology 1 (16 decks)

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