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Biology 1 > Lecture 12- Physiology and homeostasis > Flashcards

Lecture 12- Physiology and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do cells of multicellular organisms get their nutrients from?

A

Extracellular fluid that makes up the internal environment

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2
Q

What makes complex multicellular organisms possible?

A

Physiological systems that maintain a stable internal environment

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3
Q

How is it possible that animals can occupy habitats that would kill cells if exposed directly?

A

Stable internal environment protects cells from harsh environments or changes

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable conditions within a narrow range in the internal environment

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5
Q

What does homeostasis require to prevent cell damage or death?

A

Physiological regulation

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6
Q

By what systems are physiological systems controlled?

A

Nervous system

Endocrine system

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7
Q

What is required for regulation of the internal environment?

A

Information

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8
Q

What is a set point?

A

A reference point at which the system is set

‘The threshold sensitivity to the feedback stimulus’

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9
Q

What is feedback information?

A

Information relevant to the rate of a process that can be used by a control system to regulate that process at a particular level

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10
Q

What is an error signal?

A

A signal produced when the set point and feedback information do not match

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11
Q

What is feedforward information?

A

Information that can be used to alter the setpoint of a regulatory process. This suggests corrective action that needs to be taken.

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12
Q

What are effectors?

A

Any organ, cell, or organelle that alters the environment. These effect changes in the internal environment.

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13
Q

What are effectors controlled by?

A

Controlled systems

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14
Q

What do regulatory systems do?

A

Systems that obtain, process and integrate information then issue commands to control the system

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15
Q

Define regulatory system.

A

A system that uses feedback information to maintain a physiological function or parameter at an optimal level.

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16
Q

What do sensors do?

A

Provide feedback information that is compared to the internal set point

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17
Q

Define negative feedback.

A

Information relevant to the rate of a process that can be used by a control system to return the outcome of that process to an optimal level

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18
Q

What effect does negative feedback have on a physiological system?

A

Tends to return a variable of the internal environment to the set point from which it deviated.

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19
Q

What are the three types of sensory information in a regulatory system?

A

Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Feedforward information

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20
Q

What effect does positive feedback have on a physiological system?

A

It amplifies a response (increases deviation from a set point)

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21
Q

What affect does feedforward information have on a physiological system?

A

It anticipates internal changes and changes the set point

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22
Q

Give an example of regulatory systems that use positive feedback.

A
  • Responses that empty body cavities- urination, defecation, sneezing, vomiting
  • Sexual behavior which causes more stimulation
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23
Q

What are physiological systems made of?

A

Cells, tissues and organs.

24
Q

What is a tissue? What are the 4 kinds of tissue?

A

An assemblage of cells

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
25
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Sheets of densely packed, tightly connected epithelial cells that cover inner and outer body surfaces and act as barriers and provide transport

26
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A

Skin

Lining surfaces of hollow organs in the body- such as the gut

27
Q

What 5 roles do epithelial cells play in the body?

A
  • Secretion of substances (hormones, milk, mucus, digestive enzymes, sweat)
  • Movement of substances with cilia
  • Receptor cells to provide information to the nervous system (smell and taste receptors)
  • Create boundaries- inside and outside of the body, between body compartments, line blood vessels, ducts and tubules
  • Control filtration and transport (molecules and ions that leave the blood, urine etc.)
28
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Elongated cells that can contract to generate forces and cause movement

29
Q

What tissue type is most abundant in the human body?

A

Muscle tissue

30
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

31
Q

What is skeletal muscles responsible for?

A

Locomotion, breathing, shivering

32
Q

What type of control is skeletal muscle under?

A

Both conscious and unconscious control

33
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Makes up the heart, responsible for heart beat and pumping of blood.

34
Q

What is smooth muscle responsible for?

A

Movement and generation of forces in many hollow internal organs such as the gut, bladder and blood vessels

35
Q

What controls smooth and cardiac muscles?

A

These are unconscious- they are controlled by physiological regulatory systems.

36
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Dispersed populations of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix that they secrete. Composition and properties differ among connective tissue types

37
Q

What does the extracellular matrix of connective tissue contain?

A

Protein fibers.

  • Collagen
  • Elastin
38
Q

What percentage of total body protein does collagen make up?

A

25%

39
Q

What properties of collagen make is a useful protein in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?

A

Fibers are strong and resistant to stretch

This gives strength to the skin and connections between bones and muscles

40
Q

What role does collagen play in organs?

A

The fibers provide a net-like framework for organs, giving them shape and structural strength

41
Q

What are the properties of elastin?

A

It can be stretched several times its resting length and then recoil

42
Q

Where is elastin commonly found?

A

In tissues that are regularly stretched such as walls of lungs and large arteries.

43
Q

Name three types of connective tissues.

A

Cartilage, bone, adipose tissue

44
Q

What is the structure of cartilage?

A

A network of collagen fibers is embedded in a flexible matrix consisting of a protein-carbohydrate complex along with a specific type of cell called a chondrocyte

45
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

They secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen fibers and elastin fibers

46
Q

What properties of cartilage makes it a good connective tissue?

A

It is resistant to compressive forces- lines the joints of vertebrates
It is flexible- it provides structural support for flexible structures (external ears, nose)

47
Q

Describe the structure of bone.

A

Contains lots of collagen fibers

Hardened by deposition of the mineral calcium phosphate

48
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

A form of loose connective tissue that includes adipose cells, which form and store droplets of lipids

49
Q

What is adipose tissue a source of? What are its other functions?

A

Stored energy

Cushion organs, barrier to heat loss.

50
Q

What is blood?

A

A connective tissue that consists of cells dispersed in an extracellular matrix- blood plasma

51
Q

What are the two types of cells found in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons, glial cells

52
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Encode information as electrical impulses that travel along their axons

53
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

Supporting functions for neurons

54
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that function together.

55
Q

Organs consist of multiple tissues. Explain how the stomach is a good example.

A

The stomach wall is arranged in layers.

  • Epithelial cells
  • Connective tissue
  • Smooth muscle
  • Nervous tissue

Biology 1 (16 decks)

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