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Physiology II Final > Lecture 21: Female > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Female Flashcards

1
Q

Describe primordial germ cells in females

A

Develop from the germinal epithelium of the indifferent gonad early in embryonic development
They migrate into the future ovaries and become : OOGONIA

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2
Q

Describe oogonia

A

Surrounded by a single layer of nongerminal granulosa cells

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3
Q

Oogonium + granulosa cells =

A

primordial follicle

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4
Q

Ovum =

A

primary oocyte

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5
Q

The primary oocyte begins the process of meiosis but is arrested during what stage?

A

diplotene stage of prophase I

*all primary oocytes are arrested during the diplotene stage of meiosis I during embryonic development

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6
Q

Most of the primary oocytes will become ____ before birht

A

atretic = the congenital absence, or the pathological closure, of an opening, passage, or cavity.

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7
Q

After birth, how may primary oocytes remain out of the initial number of oogonia cells?

A

500,000 out of 7 million

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8
Q

Beginning at puberty, what happens

-female

A

One of the primary oocytes will complete the first stage of meiosis to become A secondary oocyte + polar body

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9
Q

Secondary oocytes complete the second half of meiosis and become what?

A

Ootid + polar body

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10
Q

When does fertilization occur?

A

At the second metaphase stage of oogenesis

Therefore, an immature egg is fertilized

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11
Q

Why may meiosis not be completed?

A

Because no fertilization occurs

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12
Q

One complete menstrual cycle lasts how many days?

A

28

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13
Q

What are the ovarian phases?

A

Days 5-14: Follicular growth
Day 14: Ovulation
Days 14-23: Development of corpus luteum
Days 24-28: Regression of corpus luteum

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14
Q

What are the Uterine phases?

A

Days 1-5: Menstruation
Days 4-14: Proliferation
Days 14-28: Secretion

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15
Q

What hormone is released from the hypothalamus?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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16
Q

What is the secretion pattern of GnRH?

A

Increases much less drastically than the other two sources.

It is secreted in short pulses averaging once every 90 minutes, as occurs in males

17
Q

What are the anterior pituitary sex hormones?

A

FSH, LH

18
Q

What are the ovarian hormones?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

19
Q

Describe the anterior pituitary sex hormones in females

A

FSH, LH
Almost no secretion throughout childhood
Small glycoproteins with MW of 30K
Combine with highly specific receptors in ovarian target cell membranes
Signal transduction involves cAMP second messenger system in most instances leading to formation of protein kinase and multiple phosphorylations

20
Q

Primordial follicles throughout childhood do what?

A

Provide nourishment for the ovum

Secrete oocyte maturation-inhibiting factor that keeps ovum suspended in its primordial state

21
Q

What is the secretion pattern of GnRH?

A

It is secreted in short pulses averaging once every 90 minutes, as occurs in males

22
Q

Describe the changes in the ovary leading up to the production of secondary follicles

A

The first stage of follicular growth is moderate enlargment of the ovum itself, which increases in diameter 2-3x
Followed by growth of additional layers of granulosa cells in some of these follicles -> secondary follicles

23
Q

What hormones have an slight increase in concentration of during the first few days of the cycle?

A

FSH and LH
Increase if FSH is slightly greater than LH
FSH increase precedes increase in LH

24
Q

The increase of FSH and LH causes what?

A

Growth of multiple follicles

25
Q

What forms theca?

A

Spindle-shaped cells around follicles form multiple layers around each follicle

26
Q

The early grwoth of follicle is stimulated with what?

A

FSH

27
Q

What does the theca interna become?

A

Cells become epithelioid and develop the ability to secrete estrogen and progesterone

28
Q

What does the theca externa become?

A

Will become the protective capsule of the developing follicle

29
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete?

A

Secrete a follicular fluid containing a high concentration of estrogen
This causes and antrum to appear

30
Q

What hormone causes androgens to become estrogens?

A

FSH cascade in granulosa cells

31
Q

What hormone causes cholesterol in the theca cells to become pregnenolone?

A

LH

Cholesterol->pregnenolone->progesterone->androgens

32
Q

What leads to the follicle rupturing?

A

Follicule swelling with plasma (hyperemia and prostaglandin secretion)
And weakening of follicle wall with collagenase

33
Q

Why is there an elevation of body temperature shsortly after ovulation?

A

prostaglandins

34
Q

Describe the changes in the uterus during the proliferation stage:

A

Estrogen phase - occurs before ovulation
Most endometrium has been desquamated at the beginning
The only epithelial cells left are thos in the deeper portions of the glands and crytps
Estrogen causes stromal and epithelial cells to rapidly proliferate
Endometrial surface re-epithelialized within 4-7 days after the beginning of menstruation
Progressive thickening due to increase in # of stromal cells and grwoth of endoometrial glands
Glands secrete a thin, stringy mucous

35
Q

Describe the changes in the uterus during the secretory stage

A

Progesterone phase
progesterone and estrogen secreted in large quantities by corpus luteum
Progesterone cause swelling and secretory development of endometrium
Glands increase in tortuosity
Excess of secretory substances accumulates in glandular epithelial cells
Results- highly secretory endometrium that contains stored nutrients
Uterine milk provides nourishment for early dividing ovum

36
Q

Describe the changes in the uterus during menstruation

A

Corpus luteum suddenly involutes about 2 days before the end of the cycle and decreases secretion level
Reduction in estrogens and progesterones
Decreased stimulation of endometrial cells is followed by involution of endometrium itself
24 hours before the beginning of the onset of menstruation, tortuous blood vessels leading to the muscosal layers become vasospastic, leading to necrosis of endometruim

37
Q

What effect does estrogen have on primary and secondary female sex characteristics

A

. look at page 993-995

Physiology II Final (4 decks)

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