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Physiology II Final > Lecture 20: Male Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Male Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Spermatogenesis:

A

A meiotic process that culminates in the formation of haploid spermatids

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2
Q

What do primordial germ cells become in spermatogenesis?

A

They migrate into future testes and become spermatogonia

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3
Q

What do spermtogonia become?

A

Begin mitotic division at puberty and become primary spermatocytes

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4
Q

What do primary spermatocytes become?

A

Complete the first half of meiosis and become secondary spermatocytes

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5
Q

What do secondary spermatocytes become?

A

complete second half of meiosis and become spermatids

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6
Q

What do spermatids become?

A

Mature sperm when they undergo differentiation

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7
Q

Where are sertoli cells located?

A

within the sminiferous tubules

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8
Q

What do sertoli cells act as?

A

nurse cells (sustentacular cells) that surround primary spermatocytes and “nurse” then through the process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis (differentiation of spermatids into mature sperm)

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9
Q

What do sertoli cells form?

A

Estrogens from testosterone

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10
Q

What forms the acrosome?

A

Proacrosomal vesicles coalesce to form acrosome and contains hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes

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11
Q

What caps the nucleus of a spermatid?

A

the acrosome caps the highly condensed nucleus

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12
Q

Where do centrioles migrate in a maturing sperm?

A

To the side of nucleus opposite acrosome where distal centriole begins to organize flagellum

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13
Q

What moves to base of forming flagellum of a sperm and wraps around it?

A

mitochondria

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14
Q

What forms residual body of sperm?

A

excess cytoplasm sloughed off

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15
Q

Where are sperm cell stored until ejaculated?

A

epididymis

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16
Q

How long must sperm cells remain in epididymis in order to gain motility?

A

For minimum of 18 to 24 hours

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17
Q

Passage of sperm through epididymis takes how long?

A

several days

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18
Q

Where are cells of Leydig found?

A

in interstitial spaces in testes

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19
Q

What do cells of Leydig secrete?

A

Testosterone

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20
Q

What stimulates cells of Leydig to secrete testosterone?

A

Luteinizing hormone secreted by anterior pituitary, also FSH

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21
Q

What are paired structures behind prostate?

A

Seminal vesicles

22
Q

Each seminal vesicles is a loculated tube line with _______ epithelium

A

secretory

23
Q

What do seminal vesicles secrete?

A 
a mucoid material that contains:
Fructose
Citric acid
Additional nutrients 
Prostaglandins
Fibrinogen
24
Q

During emission and ejaculation, where are the contents of the vesicles emptied into?

A

ejaculatory ducts containing sperm

25
Q

The seminal vesicles provide how much of the total volume of semen?

A

60%

26
Q

What provides energy for sperm?

A

Fructose - seminal vesicles

27
Q

What makes cervical mucose more receptive to sperm movement and may cause retro-peristaltic contractions of the uterus and fallopian tubes?

A

Prostaglandins

28
Q

The prostate gland provides how much of the total volume of semen?

A

30%

29
Q

The prostate gland secretes what type of fluid during emission and ejaculation?

A

Milky fluid containing calcium, citrate ions phosphate ions, clotting enzyme, and profibrinolysin

30
Q

What may the prostate gland fluid help to neutralize?

A

the slightly alkaline fluid may hep to neutralize acidity of other seminal fluids and vaginal secretions of the female

31
Q

What are androgens?

A

Any steroid hormone that has masculinizing effects

32
Q

Name the androgen hormones

A

Testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Androstenedione

33
Q

Androgens can be synthesized in testes and adrenal glands from what?

A

Cholesterol and acetyl-CoA

34
Q

What forms Testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig

35
Q

At what stages of life are Cells of Leydig numerous?

A

In newborn males and adult male after puberty

Almost nonexistent in testes during childhood

36
Q

After secretion, how much of the testosterone is loosely bound with albumin or tightly bound with beta globulin?

A

97%

37
Q

How long does testosterone circulate in the blood?

A

30 min to several hours

38
Q

What happens to testosterone circulating in the blood?

A

Transferred to tissue or degraded to inactive products that are subsequently secreted

39
Q

What is testosterone mostly converted into when it enters tissues?

A

Dihydrotestosterone, especially in prostate and in fetal external genitalia

40
Q

What happens to testosterone that is not fixed in tissues?

A

It is converted in the liver to androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone
Conjugated as either glucuronides or sulfates
Excreted into gut via bile or urine via kidneys

41
Q

What stimulates descent of testes and is responsible for enlargement of external genitalia and formation of secondary male sexual characteristics?

A

Testosterone

42
Q

Describe the association of testosterone with hair and voice?

A

Responsible for male hair pattern growth and baldness

Responsible for hypertrophy of larynx

43
Q

What increases skin thickness and secretion rate of sebaceous glands?

A

Testosterone

44
Q

What is responsible for increase in protein formation and muscle formation;
responsible for increase in bone matrix and calcium retention;
responsible for increased BMR;
increased hematocrit;

A

Testosterone

45
Q

Does testosterone increase or decrease reabsorption of sodium in distal kidney tubules?

A

Increases

46
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone =

A

LH-releasing hormone

10 aa peptide

47
Q

What is the gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced by?

A

neurons located in arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus

48
Q

Where is gonadotropin-releasing hormone transported to?

A

the anterior pituitary via hypothalamic-hypophyseal system

49
Q

What does the gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce?

A

LH (mostly) and FSH (gonadotropic hormones)

50
Q

Describe LH

A

It is a glycoprotein
Activates cAMP second messenger system in target tissues
Causes Laydig cells to secrete testosterone

51
Q

Does testosterone have a positive or negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus?

A

negative

52
Q

Describe inhibin

A

Secreted by Sertoli cells
Inhibits secretion of FSH by anterior pituitary
Also inhibits secretion of GnRH to a lesser extent

Physiology II Final (4 decks)

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