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BIOSCI > Lecture 21 Blood Composition > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Blood Composition Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood does the average person have and how much circulates through the heart every 24h?

A

5L, 24L

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2
Q

What is the movement of blood?

A

Deoxygenated blood -> vena cava -> right atrium and ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pumonary vein -> left atrium and ventricle -> aorta -> body

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3
Q

Relationship between size of vessels, volume and flow?

A

Large vessels = more volume = lower flow
Smaller vessels = less volume = higher flow
As capillaries are the smallest vessels it requires high pressure to force the blood through

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4
Q

What does blood pressure ensure?

A

The even and efficient flow through capillaries
Needs to be low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to prevent coagulation

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5
Q

What is oedema?

A

When tissue becomes swollen and blood leaks out

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6
Q

What are cells in the blood

A

erythroids, myeloids and lymphoids

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7
Q

What are proteins in the blood?

A

albumin, fibrinogen, haemoglobin, immunoglobin

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8
Q

What are lipids in the blood?

A

HDL, LDL, VLDL

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9
Q

Where are the majority of platelets found?

A

In the plasma above the buffy coat as they are very low density

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10
Q

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

A

Serum is when the fibrinogen clot has been taken out, leaving only the yellow liquid
Plasma still includes fibrinogen

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11
Q

What is the abundance of erythrocytes?

A

5-6 million/ml

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12
Q

What is the abundance of leukocytes?

A

10,000 per ml

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13
Q

What is the abundance of platelets?

A

400,000 per ml

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14
Q

What is serum electrophoresis?

A

When the serum has been subjected to a electric field which separates into 5 distinct bands (albumin, a1, a2, b, y).

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15
Q

How is serum electrophoresis useful in detecting multiple myeloma?

A

When an B cell is oversecreting an antibody, it appears as a peak in the gamma region, which is usually diffuse. The antibody is clonal.

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16
Q

What is the importance of albumin?

A

It constitutes 50% of total blood proteins and maintains colloidal pressure (provides buffering against the movement of water). It binds and transports many small molecules and hormones

17
Q

What is the importance of fibrinogen?

A

Constitutes 7% of total blood protein and activated through the coagulation cascade to form cross linked fibrin

18
Q

What is the origin of white blood cells?

A

They all start from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (expresses CD34)
Common myeloid progenitor gives rise to cells in the innate immune
Common lymphoid progenitor gives rise to cells in the adaptive immune

19
Q

What regulates haematopoises?

A

GM-CSF: stimulates production of granulocytes
G-CSF: stimulates production of granulocytes and mature neutrophils
EPO: stimulates production of erythrocytes

20
Q

What is heme and how does it work?

A

Found in haemoglobin lobes, has iron (Fe2+) which binds oxygen

21
Q

How is binding of oxygen to heme regulated?

A

The ability of heme to bind oxygen is regulated by the partial pressure of O2, high O2 pressure increases affinity of oxygen binding and vice versa

22
Q

What are the three ways of activation?

A

Classical, lectin (proteins bind lectin carbohydrates) and alternative (senses surface of bacteria) activation

23
Q

What is complement?

A

Proteins that coat bacteria targeting them for phagocytosis. C3 is activated to C3b which binds to bacteria, C3a (anaphylatoxins) are also released which allow phagocytes to activate and follow the bacteria. This process is called opsonization and they form a lytic pore.

24
Q

How does the lytic pore bind to bacteria?

A

It binds covalently, which means they are stuck for good.

25
Q

What are the 2 pathways of coagulation?

A

Intrinsic pathway (contact)
Extrinsic pathway (tissue damage)

26
Q

What is the common factor and how does it lead to coagulation?

A

Factor X, which forms factor Xa, which cleaves prothrombin to thrombin, thrombrin cleaves fibrinogen molecules into fibrin which forms cross links.

27
Q

How is a fibrinogen clot dissolved?

A

Plasminogen is cleaved into plasmin which dissolved the fibrin clot.

28
Q

What are some anticoagulants?

A

Mosquitos, Hirudin from leaches (stops prothrombin from being cleaved to thrombin, and heparin

29
Q

What is an essential ion in coagulation?

A

Calcium

30
Q

What are TPA or streptokinase?

A

Plasminogen activators

31
Q

What type of activation cascade is complement?

A

Proteolytic

32
Q

How does the classical pathway work?

A

mediated by antibodies IgM or IgG binding to microbe surface which is then bound by C1

33
Q

What are deposited complexes called?

A

Convertases, they go on to activate more complement

34
Q

What are virulence factors

A

Proteins that inhibit the complement cascade

BIOSCI (19 decks)

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