Lecture 2.1 Flashcards
What is critical thinking?
Critical thinking is well-organised, informed, and evaluative thinking.
What is a statement in the context of logic?
A statement is a set of propositions expressed linguistically where words are understood by writer and reader to be making a specific claim about relations between entities.
What is a predicate (in a statement)?
The predicate is the thing you’re saying about the subject.
What are analytic statements?
Analytic statements are statements that, if true, are true by definition.
What are synthetic statements?
Synthetic statements are statements that, if true, are true in fact.
What is an argument (in logic)?
An argument is a series of statements, or premises, which provide reasons for other statements, or conclusions.
What is modus ponens?
Modus ponens is every A is B.
What is modus tollens?
Modus tollens is no A is B.
What is a valid argument?
A valid argument is when the conclusion is sensibly derived from the premises.
What is a true argument?
A true argument is if the conclusion is actually true.
What is a sound argument?
A sound argument is both valid and true.
What is reductio ad absurdum?
The form of argument that attempts to establish a claim by showing that the opposite scenario would lead to absurdity or contradiction.
What are some examples of early developments in the history of logic?
Some examples of early developments in the history of logic are Babylonian legal thought and the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy.
What was Aristotle’s contribution to logic with ‘Organon’?
Aristotle’s ‘Organon’ contributed various combinations of possible arguments, nineteen of which were valid.
What did Boole and Frege contribute to the development of logic in the 19th century?
Boole and Frege contributed the mathematics of logic, which is computer-like.
According to the document, what is critical thinking about?
According to the document, critical thinking is about knowing what you’re thinking, rather than critiquing or judging other ideas.
What does the document state about using knowledge and intelligence in critical thinking?
The document states that when we’re thinking critically, we’re using our knowledge and intelligence effectively to arrive at the most reasonable and justifiable position possible.
According to Carroll (2004), what does it mean to think critically?
According to Carroll (2004), to think critically is to think clearly, accurately, knowledgeably, and fairly while evaluating the reasons for a belief or for taking some action.
What are some common elements of critical reviews?
Some common elements of critical reviews are a description, contextualization, and making a judgement.
According to Chaffee (2003), what abilities and attitudes characterize critical thinking?
According to Chaffee (2003), the abilities and attitudes that characterize critical thinking include thinking actively and independently, carefully exploring situations with questions, viewing situations from different perspectives, supporting diverse perspectives with reasons and evidence, and discussing ideas in an organized way.
What is one way to think critically about a statement?
One way to think critically about a statement is to analyze its language.
What are the two different kinds of statements mentioned in the document?
The two different kinds of statements mentioned in the document are analytic statements and synthetic statements.
What are the two categories that arguments can be divided into?
The two categories that arguments can be divided into are deductive arguments and inductive arguments.
What is a characteristic of deductive logic regarding the derivation of claims?
In deductive logic, a claim can be deduced with 100% accuracy from previous true claims.
