Lecture 20- Prokaryotes and Diversity and Biological Roles Flashcards
metagenomics
used to examine bacterial genomes from environmental samples, many undescribed
proteobacteria
BACTERIA, gram-negative including photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs (many pathogens)
Chlamydias
BACTERIA, all parasitize animal cells, gram-negative walls lacking peptidoglycan, host specific
Spirochetes
BACTERIA, helical, gram-negative, heterotrophs, spiral through environment using rotating internal filaments (free living and pathogens)
cyanobacteria
BACTERA, gram-negative photoautotrophs, The Great Oxidation Event
gram-positive bacteria
BACTERIA, diverse group, some colony forming including pathogens and soil decomposers,
archaea
almost a bridge between bacteria and eukaryotes
extremophiles
archaea that live in extreme environment; halophiles SALINE, thermophiles TEMPERATURES
methanogens
archaea that are obligate anaerobes that produce methane as a by-product of their metabolism, diverse environments
TACK
supergroup composed of the remaining closely-related clades of archaea
Lokiarchaeotes
(shape shifting things) represent sister group (asgard archaea) of eukaryotes
chemical recycling
prokaryotes play a major role in the recycling of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components; decomposition and mineralization, releases nutrients as simple soluble and organic/inorganic compounds for other organisms
chemical conversion
convert molecules to forms that can be used by other organisms
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
transform atmospheric nitrogen into forms available to other organisms (ex. rhizobia)
symbioses
long term biololgical interaction between two different species that live in close physical and/or physiological contact with each other
symbiont
the smaller of the pair
host
larger of the pair, often viewed as habitats of the symbiont (eex. hawaiian bobtail squid and vibrio fischeri)
parasitism
host harmed by symbiont
commensalism
host not affected by symbiont
mutualism
host gains direct benefit form symbiont
human microbiome
hosts to millions of prokaryotes that compose microbiota
normal flora
composed oof microorganisms on body surfaces of healthy individuals
competitive exclusion
beneficial microorganisms serve as physical barrier to prevent the invasion of pathogens by 1. covers binding sites, 2. compete for nutrients from host, 3. exude antimicrobial peptides MUTUALISTIC; skin and human microbiome
food production
humans reap many benefits from bacteria including production oof many foods: cheese, yogurt, beer and wine, pepperoni, soy sauce
DNA technology
DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus is used in PCR DNA amplification technique
CRISPR-Cas9 System
developed into a gene altering tool, study HIV
