Lecture 20: Memory and learning 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are implicit memories?

A

memories not consciously recalled

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2
Q

What are examples of implicit memory?

A

habituation, sensitisation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and procedural

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3
Q

What are explicit memories?

A

memories that are consciously recalled

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4
Q

What are examples of explicit memories?

A

memory of facts

if short term, sometimes called working memory

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5
Q

When does habituation occur?

A

when a non-threatening stimulus is repeated regularly

stimulus ultimately is not perceived

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6
Q

What is sensitisation produced by?

A

alarming stimuli

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7
Q

What happens during sensitisation?

A

become more sensitive to all sensory modalities

extinguishes habituation -> needs to be re-established

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8
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

pairing an extraneous stimulus with a reward (or punishment) leads to the extraneous stimulus causing the unconscious behaviours normally produced by the reward

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9
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

rewarding particular behaviours ultimately causes those behaviours to become habitual -> also applies to punishment

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10
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

memory of how things are done

unconscious motor memory

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11
Q

What are the limitations of procedural memory?

A

can consciously initiate the action, but cannot describe the specifics of how the action is implemented

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12
Q

What is procedural memory laid down by? What can procedural memory be modified by?

A

continuous repetition of an action or activity

can be modified by consciously controlling the action e.g. improving golf swing or batting technique

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13
Q

What is explicit memory also called?

A

declarative memory and is divided into semantic and episodic memory

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14
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

content, meanings of words, sights, sounds, etc.

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15
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

spatial and temporal relationships between different semantic memories

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16
Q

What is semantic and episodic memory important for?

17
Q

What is the role of working memory?

A

stores newly acquired information and retrieved memories (traces last seconds to minutes)

18
Q

What does working memory depend on?

A

the prefrontal cortex

also lateral intraparietal cortex

19
Q

What are the several subdivisions of working memory?

A

central executive, phonological loop and spatiotemporal sketchpad

20
Q

How is each component of working memory distributed?

A

distributed across a different set of brain regions

21
Q

What does explicit memory require for transfer from working to long term memory?

A

hippocampal formation

22
Q

What does transfer of information into long term memory depend on?

A

repetition

23
Q

What enhances a long term memory?

A

recall into working memory

form of repetition

24
Q

What does repetition alter?

A

strength of active synapses, laying down an activity pattern that can be recalled (Hebb’s theory)

25
What has a role in some memories?
neurogenesis in dentate gyrus of hippocampus
26
What is the hippocampus?
primitive cerebral cortex located medially in temporal lobe
27
What is the role of the hippocampus?
initial site of explicit memory storage and active during explicit memory consolidation
28
What does damage to the hippocampus prevent?
new long term explicit memories but does not alter consolidated memories -> implicit memories still form
29
Where is explicit memory stored?
primarily stored in the neocortex once consolidated -> often involves “reliving” original stimulus
30
What does it mean if a memory is associative?
related information is recalled together
31
What does recall of stored memory of an event activate?
parts of cortex active when event was experienced (event is partially relived)
32
What happens during long term memory formation?
continual interaction between neocortex and hippocampus