lecture 2/tutorial 1 - acute inflammation

Question 1

What are the systemic signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 1

fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, pain

Question 2

What are the 2 physiological components of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

vascular and cellular responses

Question 3

What is the overall response of the vascular component of acute inflammation?

Answer 3

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, congestion

Question 4

What is the overall response of the cellular component of acute inflammation?

Answer 4

emigration of leukocytes

Question 5

Which leukocytes are granulocytes?

Answer 5

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Question 6

What are granulocytes?

Answer 6

Leukocytes that have granules in their cytoplasm.

Question 7

What is the role of band cells?

Answer 7

They are immature neutrophils, that are common in early stages of infection as more neutrophils are being made to fight it.

Question 8

What is the role of neutrophils?

Answer 8

Phagocytose microbes and release granules to help combat infection

Question 9

What are monocytes?

Answer 9

The name for undifferentiated macrophages (and monocyte dendritic cells) before they reach tissue, and are still in the circulation.

Question 10

What are eosinophils?

Answer 10

Leukocytes that combat parasitic infections, and are also involved in the pathogenesis of allergic conditions such as atopic asthma

Question 11

What leukocyte levels are elevated in a full blood count in the early stages of an infection?

Answer 11

metamyelocytes/band cells, neutrophils

Question 12

What is the result of increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation?

Answer 12

Swelling/oedema

Question 13

What is transudate?

Answer 13

Fluid that passes through membranes into the extracellular fluid, and contain little protein.

Question 14

What is exudate?

Answer 14

Fluid that passes through membranes, such as out of blood vessels, and is high in protein.

Question 15

What is the difference between transudate and exudate?

Answer 15

Transudate is low in protein, while exudate is high in protein?

Question 16

What is the effect of increased vascular permeability on osmotic pressure?

Answer 16

Increased interstitial colloid osmotic pressure, and decreased intravascular colloid osmotic pressure, due to the increased permeability to proteins

Question 17

During acute inflammation, what happens to the ratios of transudate and exudate?

Answer 17

Transudate is replaced by exudate at vascular permeability increases

Question 18

What is vascular congestion?

Answer 18

The swelling of bodily tissues due to increased vascular blood flow.

Question 19

During acute inflammation, what property of blood helps white blood cells to slow down, and therefore migrate?

Answer 19

Increased concentration of RBCs allows for increased blood viscosity, therefore slowing it down.

Question 20

What are the 3 stages in which leukocytes leave the vasculature and enter the tissues?

Answer 20

margination & rolling, adhesion & transmigration, chemotaxis & activation

Question 21

What is the process in which leukocytes travel to the site of injury once in an extravascular space?

Answer 21

chemotaxis

Question 22

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 22

The following of a chemical gradient

Question 23

What are the 3 possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 23

Abscess, persistent inflammation, healing

Question 24

What are the 3 key causes of chronic inflammation?

Answer 24

prolonged toxin exposure, autoimmunity, persistent infections