Lecture 2 Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Define thermodynamics

A

A set of principles that apply to all physical and biological processes and govern the conditions under which they can occur

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2
Q

What are the 3 laws of thermodynamics?

A

1st- energy can neither be created nor destroyed only interconverted between forms
2nd- Level of disorder in a system and its surroundings always increases
3rd - Entropy approaches a constant value when temp is 0

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3
Q

Define system

A

Whatever part of the universe we are interested in

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4
Q

Define closed system

A

Cannot exchange matter across boundaries but some energy

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5
Q

Define open system

A

Matter and energy back and forth across boundaries

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6
Q

Define surroundings

A

Everything that surrounds the system

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7
Q

Define enthalpy (H)

A

Heat storage capacity of a system

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8
Q

What is the equation of enthalpy?

A

H = E + (P x V)
Enthalpy (J) = internal energy (J)+ (pressure (Pa) x volume (m3))

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9
Q

How is the change in enthalpy and energy in liquids and solids similar?

A

There is little change in volume

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10
Q

Define exothermic

A

Release of heat in a reaction

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11
Q

Define endothermic

A

Heat is absorbed in a reaction

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12
Q

Define entropy

A

Levels of disorder in a system
High entropy = gas
Low entropy = solid

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13
Q

What is Gibbs Free Energy (G)?

A

The amount of available energy to do work

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14
Q

Gibbs free energy calculation

A

Change in G= Change in H - Tx change in entropy
G= change in gibbs free energy KJ/mol
H= change in enthalpy (J)
T= Temp (K)
S= Change in entropy (J/K)

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15
Q

How to convert from degrees to K?

A

Add 273

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16
Q

What is the standard biological conditions?

A

37 degrees 310K AND pH 7 so we use Change in G degrees sign ‘

17
Q

Define exergonic

A

Excitable - releases energy

18
Q

Define endergonic

A

Requires energy to initiate

19
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy put into the system for a reaction to occur

20
Q

What are the 5 rules of delta G

A
  1. Reactions occur spontaneously if change in G is less than 0
  2. Reactions cant occur if change in G is greater that 0
  3. At equilibrium G= 0
  4. Free energy of reactants and products not the path
  5. No info on rate
21
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

A reaction that cant occur spontaneously so an energy input is required. Fundamental in metabolism

22
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Constructing molecules from smaller units

23
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Breaking down molecules to form smaller units

24
Q

What is the most used activated carrier?

A

ATP
Hydrolysis has a change in G of -30.5 KJ/mol

25
What do activated carriers do?
They store energy from the oxidation of organic molecules so they can transfer energy by transferring a chemical group or electrons to an endergonic reaction
26
How do cells obtain energy?
Through the oxidation of organic molecules The energy is stored in the covalent bonds
27
Define oxidation
Loss of electrons
28
Define reduction
Gain of electrons
29
What does NAD+ do?
Stores and releases 2 electrons and a proton H+