Lecture 2 Theoretical perspectives on aging well - health promotion

Question 1

Gerontology

Answer 1

The study of aging and older adults.

Question 2

Geriatrics

Answer 2

A subspecialty of internal medicine or family practice that focus on the medical problems of older people.

Question 3

Health

Answer 3

1. The ability of older adults to function at their highest capacity despite the presence of age-related changes and risk factors.
2. An individually defined state or process in which the individual (nurse, client, family, group, or community) experiences a sense of well-being, harmony, and unity.

Question 4

Wellness

Answer 4

1. An outcome for older adults whose well-being and quality of life is improved through nursing interventions.
2. Integrated, congruent functioning aimed toward reaching one’s highest potential.

Question 5

Health-related quality of life is measured by a standard set of questions, called _, addressing one’s perception of physical and mental health and functioning.

Answer 5

“Healthy Days Measures”.

Question 6

Interventions to promote physical and psychosocial well-being include _

Answer 6

1. Screening programs.
2. Risk-reduction interventions.
3. Environmental modifications.
4. Health education.

Question 7

Cost-effectiveness of a screening test is determined according to criteria such as _

Answer 7

1. Its ability to detect a condition or risk factor at an early stage and without excessive false-positive or false-negative results.
2. Whether early intervention is superior to waiting until signs or symptoms of disease are present.

Question 8

A risk-reduction intervention that applies to all older adults, regardless of risk factors, is _

Answer 8

Vaccination.

Question 9

Exposure to sunlight is necessary for synthesis of _

Answer 9

Vitamin D.

Question 10

Current recommendations state that all adults age 50 years and over consume _ to _ International Units of vitamin D daily.

Answer 10

800 to 1000.

Question 11

The herpes zoster (shingles) vaccine is recommended for people aged _ and older.

Answer 11

60 years.

Question 12

Topics of health education that are important for all adults include _

Answer 12

1. Engaging in regular exercise.
2. Nutrition.
3. Dental care.
4. Avoidance of smoking and secondhand smoke.

Question 13

Blood pressure checks should be performed on all older adults _

Answer 13

At least annually.

Question 14

Serum cholesterol levels should be checked in all older adults _

Answer 14

Every 5 years.

Question 15

Older adults should have a fecal occult blood and rectal examination _

Answer 15

Annually.

Question 16

A sigmoidoscopy should be performed _ between the ages of 50 and 75.

Answer 16

Every 5 years.

Question 17

Older adults should have visual acuity and glaucoma screenings _

Answer 17

Annually.

Question 18

Women should perform a breast self-exam _, and should have a clinical breast exam _

Answer 18

Monthly; annually.

Question 19

Women should undergo a Pap smear and pelvic examination _ until three consecutive negative examinations, then _ until the age of 65.

Answer 19

Annually; every 2-3 years.

Question 20

Women should have a mammogram _ between the ages of 50 and 74 years.

Answer 20

Every 1-2 years.

Question 21

Men should undergo a digital rectal examination _

Answer 21

Annually.

Question 22

Unless contraindicated, all older adults should perform _ of moderate-intensity physical exercise every day.

Answer 22

At least 30 minutes.

Question 23

All older adults should receive dental care and prophylaxis _

Answer 23

Every 6 months.

Question 24

Vaccines recommended for all older adults

Answer 24

1. Shingles - once, at 60 or older.
2. Pneumococcal - once, at 65 or older.
3. Influenza - annually.
4. Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) - once; Td (booster) - every 10 years; if the pt. is in contact with children, Tdap is recommended over Td booster, because the pertussis immunity wears off.

Question 25

Apart from the illness itself, pertussis is a concern for older adults because _

Answer 25

They can pass the infection to babies who are too young to be vaccinated.

Question 26

The two pneumococcal vaccines are _

Answer 26

1. Pneumovax 23 (PPSV23) - older shot, only good for 5 years.
2. Prevnar 13 (PCV13) - newer shot, older adults should still get it even if they have had the Pneumovax, after waiting one year.

Question 27

Stages of Change or Transtheoretical model of health promotion

Answer 27

Model of behavioral change with 5 stages:

1. Precontemplation stage - person is unaware of the health problem and resistant to change.
2. Contemplation stage - person begins to acknowledge problem and ask questions.
3. Preparation stage - person begins to identify strategies for change and states their intention to change.
4. Action stage - person makes the behavioral change, but does not fully experience the benefits yet and is vulnerable to relapse.
5. Maintenance stage - person experiences positive effects and maintains the behavior for 6 months or longer.

Question 28

Four main types of exercise

Answer 28

1. Endurance (walking, jogging, swimming, dancing).
2. Strength (using small weights or resistance bands).
3. Balance (tai chi, heel-to-toe walking, standing on one foot).
4. Flexibility (stretching groups of muscles).

Question 29

Self-efficacy

Answer 29

Increasing the older adult’s confidence in accomplishing the desired behavior.

Question 30

Values clarification

Answer 30

Helping older adults identify values in order to reconcile differences between expectations and behaviors.

Question 31

Consciousness raising

Answer 31

Increasing the older adult’s awareness about risks that are identified objectively (e.g., elevated blood pressure or abnormal laboratory values for lipids) but are not associated with immediate symptoms.

Question 32

Restructuring

Answer 32

Using positive thinking to focus on ways of overcoming barriers.

Question 33

Focusing on benefits

Answer 33

Immediately and frequently reinforcing benefits, which are classified as tangible, social, or self-generated.

Question 34

Strengthening social support

Answer 34

Involving family and friends in healthy behaviors.

Question 35

Positive models of behavior change include _

Answer 35

1. Motivational interviewing.

2. Appreciative inquiry.

Question 36

Healthy aging

Answer 36

No illness and preserved functioning in activities of daily living.

Question 37

Active aging

Answer 37

High physical and cognitive functioning and positive affect and control.

Question 38

Productive aging

Answer 38

Social participation and engagement.

Question 39

Successful aging

Answer 39

The full concept of aging well.

Question 40

_ are the fastest growing demographic group worldwide, with projections that their numbers will more than quintuple between 2005 and 2030.

Answer 40

Centenarians.

Question 41

Compression of morbidity

Answer 41

1. The notion that the onset of significant illness can be postponed, but one’s life expectancy cannot be extended to the same extent.
2. Disease, disability, and functional decline are “compressed” into a period averaging 3 to 5 years before death.

Question 42

Senescence

Answer 42

The post-reproductive period leading to increased probability of death.

Question 43

The activity theory postulates that _

Answer 43

Older people remain socially and psychologically fit if they remain actively engaged in life.