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CCMH GAP > Lecture 2: The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Flexion

A

Bending
Joints get smaller
Decreasing angle

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2
Q

Extension

A

Straightening

Increasing Angle

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3
Q

Abduction

A

moving away

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4
Q

Adduction

A

moving towards

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5
Q

Rotation

A

Movement around the long axis

medial/ internal or lateral/external

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6
Q

Circumduction

A 
Combination of movements 
(ball & socket joints): 
flexion
extension
adduction and abduction
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7
Q

Protraction

A

Moving the structure anteriorly/forward

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8
Q

Retraction

A

Moving the structure posteriorly/backward

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9
Q

Elevation

A

Raising the structure cephalad (superiorly)

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10
Q

Depression

A

Lowering the structure caudally (inferiorly)

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11
Q

Supination

A

The forearm is rotated laterally (palm up)

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12
Q

Pronation

A

The forearm is rotated medially (palm down)

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13
Q

Ulnar deviation

A

Adduction of the wrist

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14
Q

Radial deviation

A

Abduction of the wrist

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15
Q

Opposition

A

Thumb moves medially to meet the other fingers. Act of Abduction and Flexion

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16
Q

Reposition

A

Put the thumb back to a neutral position. Adduction and Extension

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17
Q

Eversion

A

Plantar surface of the foot moves laterally

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18
Q

Inversion

A

Plantar surface of the foot moves medially

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19
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Bending the ankle towards the shin

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20
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Bending the ankle towards the posterior/back of the body

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21
Q

Superficial

A

describes depth of the structure in relation to the surface of the body.

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22
Q

intermediate

A

describes depth of the structure in relation to the surface of the body.

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23
Q

deep

A

describes depth of the structure in relation to the surface of the body.

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24
Q

Medial

A

describes the structure being closer to midline of the body

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25
Q

Lateral

A

describes the structure being further from midline

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26
Q

Anterior

A

Front facing

closer to front

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27
Q

Ventral

A

Front facing

closer to front

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28
Q

Posterior

A

Back of body

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29
Q

dorsal

A

back of body

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30
Q

palmar

A

front of hand

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31
Q

Dorsum

A

Back of …

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32
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

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33
Q

Superior

A

closer to head

34
Q

cephalad

A

closer to head

35
Q

Inferior

A

further from head - towards toes

36
Q

caudad or caudal:

A

further from head - towards toes

37
Q

Proximal

A

closer to trunk / origin

38
Q

Distal

A

further to trunk / origin

39
Q

Prone

40
Q

Supine

41
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side

42
Q

Contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body

43
Q

Bilateral

A

both sides

eg. 2 kidneys, = bilateral kidneys

44
Q

Unilateral

A

one side only

45
Q

2 Divisions of the Skeletal System

A

Axial

Appendicular

46
Q

Axial

A

Central core of the skeletal system

47
Q

Appendicular

A

Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

48
Q

3 types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline (joints)
Elastic (ear)
Fibrocartilage (discs of spinal column)

49
Q

2 types of Bones

A

Compact bone

Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone

50
Q

Compact bone

A

Superficial thin layer provides the strength to bones for weight bearing; larger proportion of compact bone is found at the ends of the bones

51
Q

Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone

A

Found deep to compact bone and superficial to the marrow cavity if present, contains many small spaces

52
Q

Classifications of Bones (5)

A

Long: Are tubular in shape (i.e. humerus and femur)
Short: Are cuboidal in shape and found in the wrist (i.e.carpal bones)
Flat: Protective function (i.e. skull bones)
Irregular: Various shapes (i.e. bones of the face, vertebrae)
Sesamoid: Develop in certain tendons (i.e. patella and sesamoid bones of the 1st toe)

53
Q

Accessory bones:

A

Extra bones which are small, irregular in shape and often found in the sutures of the skull bones. These are also commonly seen in the foot

54
Q

Parts of a Typical Long Bone (4)

A

Epiphysis
Metaphysics
Diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate

55
Q

Epiphysis

A

The end of a long bone

56
Q

Metaphysics

A

The region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

57
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of the long bone

58
Q

Epiphyseal plat

A

In adults this is a remnant line where the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) was in the child or developing bone

59
Q

Depressions (bones)

A

allow passage of materials, form joints

60
Q

Openings (bones)

A

allow passage of materials, form joints

61
Q

Processes (bones)

A

provide attachment for muscles and ligaments

62
Q

Projections (bones)

A

provide attachment for muscles and ligaments

63
Q

Fossa (bone depression)

A

Shallow depression in bone, houses opposing bone during flexion

64
Q

Sulcus (bone depression)

A

Furrow along bone, holds tendon or blood vessal

65
Q

Foramen (bone openings)

A

Opening in bone, nerves and blood vessels pass through

66
Q

Fissure (bone openings)

A

Narrow slit between 2 adjacent bones, nerves and blood vessels pass through

67
Q

Canal (bone openings)

A

Large opening in center of bone

68
Q

Sinus (bone openings)

A

Cavity or chamber within bone

69
Q

Antrum (bone openings)

A

Cavity or chamber within bone

70
Q

Trochanter (bone projection)

A

large projection off bone

71
Q

Tuberosity (bone projection)

A

small projection off bone

72
Q

Tubercle (bone projection)

A

small rounded projection

73
Q

Crest (bone projection)

A

prominent ridge or elongated projection

74
Q

Line (bone projection)

A

long narrow ridge, less prominent than crest

75
Q

Spine (bone projection)

A

small pointy projection

76
Q

Head (bone Processes)

A

rounded projection at end of bone, articulates with base of adjacent bone

77
Q

Neck (bone Processes)

A

supports head in articulation

78
Q

Condyle (bone Processes)

A

large rounded protuberance at end of bone

79
Q

Trochlea (bone Processes)

A

groove at the end of bone – houses moveable tendon

80
Q

Facet (bone Processes)

A

smooth flat articular surface

CCMH GAP (5 decks)

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