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T2: Theme 1: Anatomy > Lecture 2: Superior mediastinum > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Superior mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the division between the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

Transverse thoracic plane

Level of the sternal angle - junction of vertebrae T4/5

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2
Q

What are the three divisions of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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3
Q

What is the superior limit of the superior mediastinum?

A

The superior thoracic aperture - manubrium, 1st rib and costal cartilage, T1 vertebra

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4
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the superior mediastinum?

A

Manubrium

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5
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the superior mediastinum?

A

T1-T4/5 vertebral bodies

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6
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the superior mediastinum?

A

Mediastinal pleura

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7
Q

What is in the superior mediastinum?

A

Arteries (arch of aorta and branches)

Veins (brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava)

Trachea

Oesophagus

Thoracic duct

Phrenic and Vagus nerves

Thymus gland (part)

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8
Q

Where is the thymus gland?

A

Located immediately deep to the sternum in Superior AND Anterior Mediastinum

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9
Q

What is the thymus gland?

A

Lymphoid organ

T and B lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow.

Bs mature in bone marrow, Ts mature in Thymus.

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10
Q

What is the blood supply of the thymus?

A

Internal thoracic arteries

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11
Q

What replaces the thymus gland when it atrophies at puberty?

A

Fat

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12
Q

Where does lymph drain from the thymus gland?

A

Through from parasternal, brachiocephalic and tracheobronchial nodes

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13
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

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14
Q

Which vessel branches into the right common carotid & right Subclavian arteries?

A

The brachiocephalic trunk

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15
Q

What are the 1st arteries branching from the ascending aorta?

A

Left & right coronary arteries

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16
Q

What branches from the descending aorta?

A

Intercostal, bronchial & lumbar arteries

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17
Q

What % of people have the normal pattern of aortic branching?

A

65%

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18
Q

Which two veins come together to form the superior vena cava?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins

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19
Q

Which two veins come together to form the brachiocephalic veins?

A

An internal jugular vein and a subclavian vein

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20
Q

What drains into the venous angle?

A

Lymph

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21
Q

What artery runs along with the internal jugular?

A

The common carotid

22
Q

What is the name of the structure that becomes the ligamentum arteriorsum?

A

Ductus arteriosus

23
Q

What two structures are connected by the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

The pulmonary trunk and the arch of the aorta

24
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Important in foetal circulation allowing blood to bypass the immature lungs

25
Q

After birth, the ductus arteriosus closes and becomes what?

A

The ligamentum arteriosum

26
Q

Where does the oesophagus run from and to?

A

Pharynx to stomach

27
Q

Where does the trachea run from and to?

A

Larynx to bronchi

28
Q

Where do the phrenic nerve originate from?

A

C3, C4 and C5

29
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves enter the superior mediastinum?

A

Between the brachiocephalic veins and the subclavian arteries

30
Q

Do the phrenic nerves run anterior or posterior to the main bronchi?

A

Anterior

31
Q

What structures do the phrenic nerves provide motor and sensory supply to?

A

Motor - diaphragm

Sensory - diaphragm and pleura (diaphragmatic and mediastinal)

32
Q

How many phrenic nerves are there?

A

2

33
Q

Where do the vagus nerves originate?

A

CNX - brainstem

34
Q

Where do the vagus nerves enter the superior mediastinum?

A

Close to but medial to the phrenic nerve

35
Q

How many vagus nerves are there?

A

2

36
Q

What branches from the vagus nerves?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerves to supply the larynx

37
Q

Do the vagus nerves travel anterior or posterior to the main bronchi?

A

Posterior

38
Q

What type of supply do the vagus nerves provide?

A

Parasympathetic supply via pulmonary, cardiac and oesophageal plexi

39
Q

What is present in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thymus gland/fatty tissue

Pericardial-sternal ligaments

Lymph nodes and vessels

Internal thoracic artery

40
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior mediastinum?

A

Sternum anteriorly
Pericardial sac posteriorly
Diaphragm inferiorly

41
Q

What layer do the angiogenic clusters form from?

A

Mesoderm

42
Q

What are the two large blood vessels called that form in the cardiogenic area?

A

Heart tubes

43
Q

By which day does the single heart tube begin to fold?

A

Day 23

44
Q

Which chambers are anterior and posterior?

A

Anterior - ventricles

Posterior - atria

45
Q

What is the name of the primitive outflow vessel?

A

Truncus arteriosus

46
Q

What is the name of the primitive inflow vessel?

A

Sinus venosus

47
Q

What are the two features of the foetal heart that allow blood to bypass the lungs?

A

Foramen ovale

Ductus arteriosus

48
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

Opening between the right and left atria in the foetus and allows oxygenated blood to by-pass lungs

49
Q

When the foramen ovale closes, what does it become?

A

Fossa ovalis

50
Q

Where is the fossa ovals located in the adult heart?

A

In the inter-atrial septum

T2: Theme 1: Anatomy (7 decks)

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