Lecture 1: The pleura and the lungs Flashcards

1
Q

At what week does the embryo begin to develop a respiratory system?

A

4-6 Weeks

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2
Q

What layer do the lungs and pleura develop from?

A

Endoderm layer

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3
Q

What is formed following development of out pouches?

A

Lung buds

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4
Q

What are the two layers of pleura?

A

Visceral and parietal

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5
Q

What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?

A

Costal
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic
Costal

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6
Q

What is between the two layers of of pleura?

A

Thin layer of serous fluid - allows them to slide against each other - also creates surface tension to keep the lungs held against the thoracic wall

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7
Q

What are the two pleural cavity recesses?

A

Costomediatinal and costodiaphragmatic

Visceral pleura doesn’t go all the way down to the diaphragmatic pleura – but it can do if it needs to – there is extra space to allow this

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8
Q

What is the innervation of the cervical, costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic layers of the parietal pleura?

A

Cervical - 1st intercostal nerve

Costal - intercostal nerve

Mediastinal - phrenic nerve

Diaphragmatic - lower intercostals and phrenic nerves

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9
Q

What is the innervation of the visceral pleura?

A

Autonomic from the pulmonary plexuses

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10
Q

What fissures are present in the right lung?

A

Horizontal (divides superior lobe into superior and middle lobe)

Oblique – front to back (divides into superior and inferior lobe)

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11
Q

How does the size and shape of the right lung differ from that of the left lung?

A

Larger and heavier, shorter and wider

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12
Q

What are the key features of the left lung?

A

Oblique fissure

Cardiac notch

Lingula

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13
Q

What structures enter the lung at the hilum?

A
Main bronchus (posterior)
Pulmonary artery (superior)
Pulmonary veins (inferior)
Bronchial arteries and veins
Pulmonary plexus of nerves
Lymph vessels and nodes
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14
Q

What is the purpose of bronchial arteries?

A

Supply oxygen and nutrients to the lung and visceral pleura

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15
Q

Where do bronchial veins terminate?

A

The azygos vein

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16
Q

Where do the left and right bronchial arteries branch from?

A

Left - from descending aorta

Right - from intercostals

17
Q

What spinal segments does the trachea run from and to?

A

From C6to T4/5

18
Q

What is the name of the muscle posterior to the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

19
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

Sternal angle - T4/5

20
Q

What is the name of the internal bifurcation point of the trachea?

A

Carina

21
Q

How does the right main broncos compare to that of the left?

A

Wider, shorter and more vertical

22
Q

How many secondary (lobar) bronchi are there in the right and left lungs?

A

Right - 3

Left - 2

23
Q

What is supplied by a tertiary bronchus?

A

A bronchopulmonary segment

24
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in the right and left lungs>

A

Right - 10

Left - 8-10

25
Q

What is the name of the largest subdivision of a lung lobe?

A

Bronchopulmonary segment

26
Q

What is special about the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

They are separated by connective tissue so are surgically resectable

27
Q

How many generations of conducting bronchioles are there?

A

20-25

28
Q

What makes respiratory bronchioles characteristic?

A

Out pockets of alveoli

29
Q

What are alveoli ducts?

A

Elongated airways lined by alveoli which lead to common spaces called alveolar sacs

30
Q

Which type of pneumocytes secrete pulmonary surfactant?

A

Type 2

31
Q

What % of pneumocytes are type 1 and type 2?

A

Type 1 - 95%

Type 2 - 5%

32
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on bronchial musculature and pulmonary vasculature?

A

Bronchial musculature – dilates

Pulmonary vasculature – constricts

33
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on bronchial musculature and pulmonary vasculature?

A

Bronchial musculature – constricts

Pulmonary vasculature - dilates

34
Q

What are the main regions of lymph drainage from the hilum?

A

Brochopulmonary nodes

Tracheobronchal nodes

Paratracheal nodes