Lecture 2 - Superficial Face and Neck Flashcards
muscles of facial expression
originate on skull and insert directly onto skin
innervated by facial nerves
developed from branchial arch 2
branchiomotor
orbicularis oculi
arranged in circle
close eyes
orbicularis oris
arranged in circle
pucker lips
occipital frontalis
attached to galea aponeurotica
raise eyebrows
platysma
in the neck as thin sheet of muscle
buccinator
compresses cheeks
keeps food between teeth
well developed in infants
fish face
facial nerves
innervate muscles of facial expression --> branchiomotor exits skull through stylomastoid foramen temporal zygomatic buccal marginal mandibular cervical "The Zebra Bought My Car"
Parotid gland
salivary gland
innervated by glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
enclosed by tough fascial sheath
duct opens into oral cavity and runs anterior to masseter, through the buccinator to ~2nd molar
bell’s palsy
facial nerve palsy
paralysis of muscles of facial expression
many possible causes
vessels of the face
facial artery
facial vein -> facial vessels run deep to zygomaticus major
superficial temporal artery (temple pulse)
external carotid artery (internal to brain)
anastomoses of the face
branches of internal carotid artery (forehead+top of scalp)
branches of external carotid (every where else)
cavernous sinus - venous anastamoses
facial vein
anterior cervical triangle
mandible, edge of neck, sternocleidomastoid
contains common carotid artery, internal jugular vein
posterior cervical triangle
clavicle, traps, sternocleidomastoid
contains spinal accessory nerve (CN11), cutaneous branches of cervical plexus
fascial layers of neck
cervical investing fascia - outermost, super thick
prevertebral fascia - surrounes msucles around vertebra
carotid sheath - carotid arter, veins + nerves
pretracheal fascia - surrounds trachea and thyroid
-> buccopharyngeal fascia - posterior region of pretracheal
retropharyngeal space
behind the pretracheal/buccopharyngeal
AKA danger space
continuous with posterior mediastinum
infection/abscess can spread
superficial veins of neck
external jugular vein
- superficial to investing fascia
- held open by investing fascia near clavicle
anterior jugular vein
- superficial to investing fascialcervical lymph nodes
cervical collar of lymph nodes –> superficial
deep cervical lymph nodes –> drain from superficial
jugulodigastric node + supraclavicular nodes
sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
connects from mastoid to sternum and clavicle
innervated by CN11
lateral flexion to same side
rotation to opposite side
torticollis
“wry neck”
congenital: shortened SCM
spasmodic: abnormal tonicity of SCM
treatments: stretching, surgical lengthening, muscle relaxants, botox
spinal accessory nerve
branchiomotor fibers only (CN11)
possibly from 5th arch, but unsure because 5th arch degenerates before it can be visualized
spinal cord levels C1-C4
sensory (proprioceptive) fibers from cervical spinal nerves travel with CN11
innervates SCM + traps
cervical plexus
ventral rami of C1-C4
CN12, CN11, CN10
phrenic
ansa cervicalis (loop of nerves on carotid sheath)
- somatomotor fivers only
cutaneous branches of cervical plexus
- sensory and sympathetic fibers only
ansa cervicalis
motor portion of cervical plexus (C1-C3)
branch of C1 joins hypoglossal nerve (CN12)
- geniohyoid innervation (suprahyoid muscles)
innervates infrahyoid muscles
Hyoid muscles
supra and infra muscles
support tongue, mandible, pharynx movement
assists with swallowing and speaking
suprahyoid muscles
elevate hyoid and depress the mandible
digastric
- anterior belly: V3 innervation
- posterior belly: CN VII innervation
mylohyoid (V3)
stylohyoid (VII)
geniohyoid (C1) - bend of mandible (postotic somite)
scalene muscles
anterior, middle, posterior
from cervical to ribs
phrenic nerve goes through
brachial plexus and subclavian arteries go btw anterior and middle
