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Ecology > Lecture 2 studying ecology > Flashcards

Lecture 2 studying ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific method

A

Observation
General hypothesis
specific hypothesis
Test

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2
Q

Samples & populations

Biological population

A

collection of individuals
same species
particular location
same time

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3
Q

Samples & populations

Statistical population

A

Individuals within specified time or space about which inferences can be made
potential sampling units

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4
Q

Samples & populations

Variable

A

Characteristics of a population which differ from individual to individual e.g. size

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5
Q

Samples & populations

Observation

A

measurement provided by each unit in sample

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6
Q

how to quantify error

A

statistical techniques

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7
Q

population dynamics

A

patterns and processes of population change over space and time

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8
Q

population dynamics

population size

A

number of individuals in a population

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9
Q

population dynamics

Density

A

number of individuals per unit area

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10
Q

population dynamics

Growth

A

change in population size over time

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11
Q

population dynamics

Dispersal

A

movement of individuals into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a population

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12
Q

population dynamics

Dispersion

A

spatial distribution patterns

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13
Q

measuring abundance (estimating population size and range)

A

small area/population - full census possible

population density for sample area = estimate total population size

sessile organisms - quadrats/transects

mobile organisms - mark recapture

eDNA (environmental DNA e.g. fur) estimating how many unique individuals in a population

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14
Q

Diversity

A

Abundance
Richness
Eveness

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15
Q

Scales of diversity

A

ecosystem
species
phenotypic
genetic

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16
Q

Diversity indicies (calculations)

A

affected by species richness and relative abundance of each species

17
Q

diversity increases with

A

number of species

evenness (max diversity all species equally abundant)

18
Q

distribution

A

density

dispersion

19
Q

Spatial distribution

Density

A

Number of individuals per unit area (or volume)

Percentage cover

20
Q

Spatial distribution

Dispersion

A

Pattern of spacing among individuals within the geographic boundaries of the population

Used to understand the structure of a population

Patterns vary according to scale and animals’ interaction with environment

21
Q

what is spatial distribution of organisms affected by

A

Abiotic factors: environmental gradients, habitat heterogeneity & fragmentation

Dispersal

Reproductive mode

Behaviour: territoriality, selfish herds

Intraspecific interactions: competition

Interspecific interactions: competition, predation

Stochastic variation in all of the above

22
Q

patterns of dispersion

clumped/aggregated

A

Unequal chance of individuals occurring anywhere

High local abundance separated by areas of low abundance

packs & selfish herds

WHY
Patchy resource distribution – attraction to common resource e.g. water

Mutual attraction between individuals

23
Q

patterns of dispersion

Regular / uniform / hyperdispersed / repulsed

A

Individuals are uniformly spaced. avoid each other

Exclusive use of area

WHY
competition for resources/mates

Local depletion of resources - depletion zones

Antagonistic interactions - avoid or repel

24
Q

patterns of dispersion

Random

A

Equal chance of individuals occurring anywhere

unpredictable spacing

WHY
Neutral interactions between individuals or between organisms and environment

25
Q

scale of dispersion pattern

A

dispersion appears different on different scales

26
Q

What ecologists measure

A

Variation within and between species

Abiotic interactions

  • ecophysiology [how animals adapted to physical world]
  • resource use

Biotic interactions

  • animal behaviour
  • competition
  • predation
  • altruism [unselfish]
Competition
Commensalism
Mutualism
Predation
Succession

Population dynamics
- variation in population size
range and dispersion pattern
over space and time

Abundance

Diversity

Distribution

Life history

Ecology (8 decks)

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