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Ecology > Intraspecific interactions > Flashcards

Intraspecific interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Interactions among conspecifics (same species)

Reproduction
2 points

A
  1. Reproductive strategies

2. Sexual competition

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2
Q

Interactions among conspecifics

Cooperation

A

kin groups & herds

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3
Q

Interactions among conspecifics

Competition
5 points

A
  1. Exploitation
  2. Interference
  3. Density
  4. Carrying capacity
  5. r or K selected
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4
Q

5 biotic interactions

A
  1. Competition
  2. Commensalism
  3. Mutualism
  4. Predation
  5. Succession
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5
Q

Reproduction

Evolution

4 points

A
  1. Fitness = survival and reproduction
  2. Selection acts on individual phenotypes
  3. Individual phenotypes maximise their fitness
  4. Phenotypes with the highest fitness pass on the most genotypes
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6
Q

Reproduction

Asexual reproduction

2 points

A
  1. Offspring genetically identical to 1 parent - clones

2. Genetic differences arise through mutation

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7
Q

Reproduction

Sexual reproduction

3 points

A
  1. Gonochoric / dioecious – sexes separate
  2. Hermaphrodite – individuals produce male and female gametes (simultaneous or sequential)
  3. Hermaphrodite self-fertilisation
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8
Q

Reproduction

Finding a mate

6 points

A
  1. Behaviour - sound, colour, visual displays, gifts
  2. Chemistry
  3. Sexual selection
  4. Sexual competition
  5. Mate guarding
  6. Sperm competition
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9
Q

Reproduction

Sexual competition e.g. damselfly

A

Penis of male damselfly’s secondary genitalia has spines on it

used to scrape sperm of rival male out of female’s reproductive tract

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10
Q

Reproduction

sexual competition e.g. heliconius butterflys

6 points

A
  1. Pupal mating in Heliconius butterflies
  2. Pre-copulatory mate guarding
  3. Males search for female pupae on host plant
  4. Compete for possession of a pupa
  5. Make a hole in the cuticle of the pupa
  6. Mate with female as she ecloses (emerges)
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11
Q

Reproduction

population density

2 points

A
  1. If population density is low may not find a mate

2. If population density is high there is an increased chance of competition

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12
Q

Cooperation

usually as

A

mates rearing young

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13
Q

Cooperation
sometimes as groups
2 points

A
  1. kin groups e.g. lions / meercats / social insects (termites / bees, wasps, ants)
  2. Herds or colonies
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14
Q

Cooperation

a trade off

A

benefits of cooperation out weigh disadvantages of infraspecific competition

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15
Q

Competition

3 points

A
  1. Individuals live in populations
  2. Individuals of the same species have very similar requirements for survival, growth and reproduction
  3. If demand exceeds supply they compete for resources
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16
Q

Competition
example grasshoppers
7 points

A
  1. Population of grasshoppers in a field
  2. For survival, growth and reproduction they must feed
  3. To find food they must move, which uses energy and risks predation
  4. If grass has been eaten they must move more
  5. The more grasshoppers the more this will happen
  6. Results in
    Increased mortality (lower survival)
    Slower development
    Reduced reproduction
  7. The more grasshoppers the smaller contribution to the next generation
17
Q

Competition

Exploitation competition

A

Organisms utilise limited common resources

18
Q

Competition

Interference competition

A

Organisms exploiting a resource harm one another in the process - physically interfere with foraging, reproduction, settlement, survival

19
Q

Competition
Exploitation
4 points

A
  1. Usually individuals do not interact directly
  2. They respond to the level of a resource:
    Plants compete for water, light, nutrients
    Animals compete for food
  3. Resource depletion zones overlap
  4. Exploitation only if the resource is limited
20
Q

Competition
Resource depletion zone
2 points

A
  1. Competition between plant roots (even of a single plant) where RDZs overlap
  2. Plants with different shapes of root system tolerate different levels of soil mineral resources
21
Q

Competition

Resource depletion zone (resource mobile)

A

Where resource is mobile, e.g. nitrate in soils,

RDZ is wide
Overlap of RDZs

22
Q

Competition

Resource depletion zone (resource not mobile)

A

Where resource is not mobile, e.g. phosphorous (bound on soil colloids)

RDZ is narrow
No overlap of RDZs

23
Q

Competition
Interferences
4 points

A
  1. Individuals may interact directly
  2. One individual physically prevents another from exploiting a resource

Competition for space (territories)

Competition for mates

  1. Resource depletion zones overlap
  2. Interference may occur even if the resource is plentiful
24
Q

Competition

Territoriality

A
  1. results from interference competition
  2. Individuals without a territory make little or no contribution to future generations

3, Territoriality is linked to population regulation

  1. Example: oystercatchers
25
Q

Density dependent competition e.g.

A

Flour beetle

Tribolium confusum

26
Q

Competition

Density dependent competition graph

y no. surviving
x initial egg no.

A 
1. straight line increase
Mortality constant
Numbers dying and surviving both rise
Proportion dying stays the same
No competition 
2. straight line becomes curve 
Mortality rate increased
Numbers dying increases more rapidly
Numbers surviving increases more slowly
Some competition
Density dependent mortality
Undercompensates
3. straight line decrease 
Mortality rate increased
Intense competition
Density dependent mortality
Overcompensates
27
Q

Carrying capacity K

A

When birth rate = death rate the population is at the carrying capacity (K)

the maximum number of individuals the environment can support

28
Q

Population growth

Intraspecific competition leads to ________ population growth curves (no of individuals against time)

A

sigmoidal (logistic)

however many other factors may mask this pattern

29
Q

Life history

r selected species reproduce rapidly

A

Have a high r value

30
Q

Life history

K selected species reproduce more slowly

A

Populations close to the carrying capacity (K) of the habitat

31
Q

Life history
r selected species
5 points

A
  1. Characteristic of habitats that are ephemeral or unpredictable
  2. Show intermittent, rapid population growth, free from intraspecific competition
  3. Have variable and unpredictable mortality rates
  4. Have smaller size, early maturity and
  5. reproduction with smaller, numerous offspring
32
Q

Life history
K selected species
3 points

A
  1. Characteristic of habitats that are constant or predictable
  2. Have crowded populations with intraspecific competition
  3. Have larger size, delayed reproduction with larger, fewer offspring
33
Q

Life history
Metamorphosis
3 points

A
  1. avoids intraspecific competition
  2. Resource partitioning between larvae and adults e.g. different feeding strategies within a species
  3. Many species have ontogenetic (developmental) shifts in habitat, mobility, resource use, diet and trophic position
34
Q

intraspecific competition rarely results in

A

death

not evolutionary stable strategy

Ecology (8 decks)

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