Lecture 2 Slide Deck Flashcards
What are the 8 building blocks?
Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cells, Tissue, Organ System and Organism
What inspires most bioengineering applications? Add an example to help describe understanding
Nature or naturally occurring technologies; for example repellent/sticky surfaces like the pitcher plant that repel liquids and prevent non-specific adhesion
What are the molecules of life? Also known as macromolecules
Carbohydrates (e.g. glucose), Lipids (e.g. phospholipid), Proteins (e.g. antibodies, hemoglobin), Nucleic Acids (e.g. tRNA)
What percentage of water is a human made up of?
75%
Are proteins hydrophilic or hydrophobic creatures?
Hydrophilic, most proteins are very hydrated
Note: Lipids comprise 5% of macromolecules but are the most important - no membrane lipid bilayer means no life!
What are the 2 classifications of biomaterials? and what are their main issue?
Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Biocompatibility: If they are not blood-friendly and cause clot formation, they are not good!
What are carbohydrates made of and are they soluble in water?
Carbohydrates are made of C, H and O and are rich in -C-OH groups, making them polar molecules and highly solvated in water (hydrophilic)
Note: Commonly known as sugars
What are the most important carbohydrates?
Ribose - Found in Nucleic Acid
Glucose - Found in Cellulose and Glycogen
What makes up the differences in blood groups?
The differences in the sugars attached to the surface of the cell
Do humans have the enzyme to break down cellulose fully?
No, humans lack cellulase
What are lipids made up of and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Lipids are diverse structures rich in C-C and C-H bonds, they are mostly hydrophobic or “lipophilic”, meaning they can dissolve in oil
What does it mean when lipids are amphipathic?
Amphipathic means they are BOTH hydrophilic and hydrophobic (e.g. phospholipid bilayer)
What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have no double bonds, and unsaturated fats include C-C double bonds
What is Atherosclerosis?
It is the thickening or hardening of the arteries and is caused by the buildup of plaque (deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, etc) in the inner lining of the artery
Is cholesterol hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic due to its mainly hydrocarbon structure
What are saturated and trans fats associated with?
Coronary artery disease, up of deposits clog arteries and causes heart attacks when the plaque ruptures within the walls and causes blood clots
What are proteins on a molecular level?
Chains of amino acids (monomer) connected by peptide linkage - amino acids share a common structure of a carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom and a variable R-group (Make sure you can draw Glycine for Midterm)
What determines the FOLD (3D Structure) of a protein?
The primary sequence determines the fold of the protein, which are
the unique linear polymers of a defined order of amino acids
What does the FOLD of the protein determine?
Protein FOLD determines function, which are categorized as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
Primary Protein Structure - Sequence of a chain of amino acids
Secondary Protein Structure - Hydrogen bonding of the peptide
backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern
Tertiary Protein Structure - 3-D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
Quaternary Structure - Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
What are the main functions of proteins?
- Structural and Mechanical Support
- Transport
- Signaling
- Cellular Response to Chemical Stimuli
- Defense Against Foreign Organisms (Antibodies)
- Catalysis of Biochemical Reactions (Enzymes)
How can you know if surfaces have enhanced target cell adhesion properties?
What is the first process that occurs after the implantation of a biomaterial in the human body?
Protein adsorption. This process changes the properties of the surface and can induce structural alterations on the adsorbed/desorbed proteins (affects the biocompatibility)
What is the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life?
Cells
What are the implications of Thrombogenicity?
Clot Formation -> blood cells and proteins
What are the interests of Inflammation?
immune cells, blood protein
What are the implications of Antimicrobials?
Biofilm Formation -> bacteria, immune cells
How are tissues formed?
When cells of the same type “hang together” and perform the same function
What are the 2 types of biomaterials and why are they used?
Natural or synthetic materials are designed to interact with biological systems and are used in medical applications to support, enhance, or replace damaged tissue or a biological function
