Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYCH348 Applied Social Psychology > Lecture 2 - Self - Esteem > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Self - Esteem Flashcards

1
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

A subjective appraisal of one’s self worth

It may not reflect one’s objective talents and accomplishments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the imposter phenomenon?

A

A feeling where a person with many friends believes they are unlovable and that their acceptance is only pretence

Introduced by Clance & Imes in 1978.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two underpinning influences of human behavior according to Pepitone (1968)?

A
  • Automatic processes of cognitive simplification
  • The drive for self-esteem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the significance of self-esteem in social psychology?

A

It is considered one of the most powerful psychological motivations

According to Pepitone, striving for higher self-esteem is pervasive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the subtypes of self-esteem?

A
  • Global: Broad judgement about oneself
  • Domain specific: e.g., intellectual, social, athletic, body
  • Trait self-esteem: Long-term self-evaluation
  • State self-esteem: Affective self-evaluation at a particular time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does self-esteem relate to emotional and behavioral problems?

A

Low self-esteem has been implicated in many emotional and behavioral problems

As noted by Leary, Schreindorfer & Haupt in 1995.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or False: High self-esteem always leads to desirable behaviors.

A

False

High self-esteem can also motivate undesirable behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Terror Management Theory (TMT)?

A

A theory that explains how awareness of mortality influences human behavior and motivation

Suggests that humans cope with death anxiety by embracing cultural worldviews.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is mortality salience?

A

How aware a person is of their own mortality

Can be induced through specific tasks, e.g., writing about one’s funeral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is self-esteem defense?

A

Thoughts or behaviors that boost self-esteem in response to a threat to self-esteem

Examples include reflecting on strengths or thinking of loved ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What correlation exists between mortality salience and ingroup bias?

A

A correlation of r = 0.35 has been found

This indicates a significant relationship between mortality salience and ingroup bias behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Socio-meter Theory of self-esteem?

A

Self-esteem acts as a gauge for whether a person is valued and desirable for close relationships

This theory emphasizes the importance of group acceptance for evolutionary success.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does cultural background influence responses to mortality salience?

A
  • Individualistic cultures emphasize self-worth
  • Collectivistic cultures emphasize group worth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fill in the blank: According to TMT, the uniquely human awareness of death gives rise to potentially ________ terror.

A

paralyzing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three useful things provided by having a worldview?

A
  • A theory of reality
  • Standards for value and significance
  • Potential for life beyond death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does death reflection contrast with unwanted death anxiety?

A

Death reflection prompts individuals to reflect on their lives and consider the impact of their death on others

It can increase pro-social behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What effect does death salience have on attitudes toward animals?

A

Increases dislike of animals and promotes human uniqueness

This reflects a defense against the awareness of mortality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or False: Older individuals show more ingroup bias in response to mortality salience than younger individuals.

A

False

Older individuals tend to show less ingroup bias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What role does Zen meditation play in responses to death salience?

A

It may reduce fear of death and self-esteem as a response to threats

This can lead to less in-group bias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What psychological problems can be enhanced by death salience?

A
  • Spider phobia
  • Hand-washing behaviors

These issues may arise from an increased focus on avoidable dangers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What did Pyszczynski et al. (2020) find regarding COVID-19 and death salience?

A

COVID-19 made the topic of death salient, impacting defenses against death

It influenced people’s behaviors, such as seeking escapism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the primary drive underpinning human social behavior according to the recap?

A

The drive for self-esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is self-esteem considered to be a gauge for?

A

Whether a person is valued and desirable for close relationships

This concept emphasizes the social aspect of self-esteem in evaluating one’s worth in relationships.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

According to evolutionary theory, why does a mechanism for measuring self-esteem tend to evolve?

A

When an aspect of human nature is vital for survival

This relates to the idea that social connections are crucial for evolutionary success.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does the experience of rising and falling self-esteem reflect?
An automatic monitoring system checking relational appreciation from others ## Footnote This is referred to as the socio-meter theory.
26
What motivates individuals when their self-esteem drops?
Emotional distress to gain, restore, and maintain relational appreciation ## Footnote This highlights the emotional drive behind self-esteem fluctuations.
27
What is the socio-meter's operational characteristic?
Operates at an unconscious level for efficiency ## Footnote This allows individuals to navigate social evaluations without constant conscious effort.
28
List some social attributes that can lead to ostracism.
* Unlikable * Incompetent * Unattractive * Non normative ## Footnote These attributes have been correlated with self-esteem levels.
29
What is the difference between satisfying and maximizing self-esteem according to evolutionary adaptation?
We need to satisfy, not maximize, our need for close relationships ## Footnote This is due to limitations in group size based on resource availability.
30
What psychological mechanism helps defend against self-esteem swings?
A small bias in our favor helps defend us emotionally ## Footnote This bias is regarded as a psychological self-defense mechanism.
31
Fill in the blank: Self-esteem can be reduced by events apparently unrelated to _______.
social inclusion ## Footnote This raises questions about the socio-meter theory's explanations.
32
What does the socio-meter theory suggest about self-esteem defense behaviors in private?
They may be overlearned automatic responses due to fear of future public scrutiny ## Footnote This indicates a link between private behavior and future social evaluations.
33
What evidence supports the socio-meter theory?
* Self-esteem reacts to inclusion/exclusion outcomes * Love, bonding, and admission to desirable groups boost self-esteem ## Footnote These outcomes align with the predictions of the socio-meter theory.
34
How can self-esteem be domain specific?
It can relate to areas like social, intellectual, athletic, and physical attractiveness ## Footnote Self-esteem inventories often measure likability, competence, and personal goodness.
35
True or False: All members of stigmatized groups have lower than average self-esteem.
False ## Footnote Many members of stigmatized groups can still maintain normal self-esteem levels.
36
What can protect self-esteem for members of stigmatized groups?
Blaming social rejection on stigma rather than personal likability ## Footnote This suggests that stigma can serve as a buffer for self-esteem.
37
How does self-esteem correlate with affective mood?
Self-esteem, affect, and good social relations inter-correlate ## Footnote This relationship supports the socio-meter theory's predictions about emotional health.
38
What is a notable characteristic of individuals with low self-esteem in terms of persuasion?
They are more easily persuaded than those with high self-esteem ## Footnote This indicates a tendency to conform for social acceptance.
39
What does the socio-meter theory posit about self-esteem?
It's an affective and unconscious gauge of our suitability as group members ## Footnote This theory highlights the social nature of self-esteem.
40
According to the text, what has increased death salience during the COVID-19 pandemic?
It undermined sources of self-esteem ## Footnote This has implications for how individuals respond to threats to their social identity.
41
What is Automaticity?
When people lack the cognitive resources to constantly monitor the social evaluations of others
42
Why does the socio-meter operate at an unconscious level.
To constantly monitor the social evaluations of others, in order to have the necessary efficiency
43
What is are the determinants of self esteem
If socio-meter theory of self-esteem is correct, then the determinants of self esteem should be related to social inclusion
44
A person might be ostracised from a group because they are:
1. Unlikable 2. Unattractive (e.g., employment studies) 2. Incompetent 3. Non normative (break social rules) Self esteem has been shown to correlate with all of these criteria
44
People with high self esteem regard themselves as:
1. Likeable 2. Competent 3. Attractive 4. Moral
45
In the environment of evolutionary adaptation (EEA) _________________
Group size would have been limited by food availability
46
We can only maintain a certain number of close relationships because -
Too many would actually cause problems due to lack of time for interacting and the likelihood of arguments and personality clashes
47
(Simon, 1990; Tooby & Cosmides, 1996)
Our need is to satisfy not maximise our need for close relationships
48
What are people with high self esteem less affected by?
Self-esteem changes; once we have sufficient self-esteem we do not need more (as with food consumption (Jones, 1973; Rosenberg, 1965)
49
The metre is generally accurate; self esteem bias is pervasive but small. The metre has a strong emotional effect;
A small bias in our favour helps to defend us emotionally against the powerful swings of the metre. The bias is a psychological self defence mechanism
50
How does the socio-meter theory explain self esteem defence behaviours which we engage in when private?
1. We may be afraid that private behaviour will later be made public 2. Self-esteem defence may be an overlearned automatic response 3. Private failure may provoke concerns about overall competence and likeability which may cost us in the future 4. May be an early warning of danger due to incompetence
51
Evidence in favour of the socio-meter theory
1. Self-esteem reacts to inclusion/exclusion outcomes 2. Love, bonding and admission to desirable groups boosts self esteem
52
Self-esteem can be domain specific.....
social, intellectual, athletic, body etc
53
Self-esteem inventories, which have been found most useful tend to measure:
Likeability, competence, physical attractiveness and sense of personal goodness (Harter 1993)
54
predictors of self-esteem score
likability, competence and physical attractiveness
55
Members of stigmatised groups...
Some members of stigmatised groups have lower than average self-esteem (e.g., children with obesity, Wadden et al, 1984) But, many members of stigmatised groups have normal self- esteem. This does not seem to accord with the socio-meter theory
56
What is required for normal self-esteem?
A perceived sense of reasonable social inclusion (comparable to satisfying hunger with a simple meal
57
Are humans driven to maximise self esteem without limit?
No. Most people only need a basic level of social inclusion to maintain normal self esteem
58
Can members of stigmatised groups still reach this basic level of social inclusion?
Yes. Even those who face stigma can achieve a sense of reasonable social inclusion
59
How can stigma sometimes protect a person's self esteem?
It can allow individuals to attribute social rejection to their stigma rather than their personal likability, preserving their self esteem.
60
According to socio-meter theory, which three factors are closely interrelated?
Self esteem, affect (mood) and good social relations
61
which study found a correlation between self-esteem and affective mood?
Pelham & Swann (1989)
62
What is one benefit of social support according to Goodenow, Reisine & Grady (1990)
Social support helps buffer against negative emotions
63
What did Campbell, Converse & Rodgers (1976) discover about people's main source of happiness?
People reported that relationships are their primary source of happiness, more important than job success or money
64
According to Brockner (1983), which group is more easily persuaded: people with high or low self-esteem?
People with low self-esteem
65
Why do people with high self-esteem feel less need to conform?
They already feel socially desirable and secure in their sense of worth
66
Why might people with low self-esteem allow themselves to be persuaded?
They want to appear socially acceptable and avoid rejection

PSYCH348 Applied Social Psychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions