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Molecular Diagnostics > Lecture 2 RNA Structure, Function, and Transcription > Flashcards

Lecture 2 RNA Structure, Function, and Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA directed RNA synthesis from a DNA template by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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2
Q

DNA to message is….?

A

Nuclear

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3
Q

Protein synthesis is?

A

Cytoplasmic

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4
Q

mRNA translocation happens from where and to where?

A

Nucleus to cytoplasm

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5
Q

Unbranched polymer of nucleotide 5’ monophosphates are linked by?

A

3’-5’ phosphodiester bonds

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6
Q

RNA contains…?

A

Ribose instead of deoxyribose

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7
Q

In RNA what nucleotide replaces which nucleotide?

A

Uricil replaces thymidine

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8
Q

Do not understand
“Can fold upon itself to form intrastrand helical regions. The filded 3D
structure of RNA, like the folded proteins, can have multiple biological
functions.”….

A
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9
Q

List as many different types of RNAs

A

Pre-RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
snRNA
snoRNA
miRNA

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10
Q

snoRNAs and miRNAs are extensively characterized small _________ RNAs?

A

small non-coding regulatory RNAs

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11
Q

snoRNAs and miRNAs have distinct and central _______ _____ in cells.

A

Regulatory roles

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12
Q

Both snoRNA and miRNA share ______ and ______ exist.

A

characteristics and functionality exist

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13
Q

What two things does snoRNAs and miRNAs likely share?

A

Functional and evolutionary relationship

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14
Q

What are the major types of RNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA - 80%
Transfer RNA - 15%
Messenger RNA - 5%

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15
Q

What characteristic allows functional RNAs to be involved in a wide range of cellular processes?

A

Ability to form unique 3D structures that act similarly to proteins

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16
Q

What two things are required for RNA synthesis?

A

-DNA template
-RNA polymerase
-Mg2+ (included in the rxn equation)

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17
Q

What polymerase is used for DNA template to DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

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18
Q

What polymerase is used for DNA template to RNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

What polymerase is used for RNA template to RNA?

A

RNA replicase

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20
Q

What polymerase is used for RNA template to DNA?

A

Reverse transcriptase

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21
Q

What is responsible for catalyzing RNA synthesis?

A

RNA polymerase

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22
Q

What are the subunits of prokaryotic RNA polymerase?

A

Theres a total of 6.
-Alpha-2
-Beta
-Beta prime
-Sigma
-Omega

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23
Q

What is the purpose of a prokaryote sigma subunit (RNA polymerase)?

A

Recognizes the promoter region of DNA that precedes the structural gene

24
Q

What is the purpose of a prokaryote omega subunit of RNA polymerase?

A

Binds to promotor region, may serve to control efficiency of RNA synthesis. The overall function is not very clear.

25
Q

What antibiotic is able to inhibit the beta subunit of RNA polymerase?

A

Rifampin

26
Q

What are the steps in general transcription?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

27
Q

RNA polymerase will bind to…

A

Promoter region using omega factor

28
Q

The promoter seeks out what specific sequences?

A

CAAT, GC, TATA

29
Q

DNA coding strand uses which strand?

A

Sense strand

30
Q

Non-coding strand uses which strand?

A

Anti sense strand.
Note Non-coding strand is the template.

31
Q

Which strand is used in the 3’ - 5’ direction for RNA chain to be synthesized 5’ - 3’?

A

Anti-sense to make the coding strand

32
Q

What happens to show transcription is happening?

A

A 15-20 basepair (be) bubble formed and 1 strand is read.

33
Q

Elongation starts with a _____, then continues

A

purine

34
Q

Termination uses what two things?

A

Rho independent or Rho dependent

35
Q

Polymerase 1 synthesizes what and where?

A

Located in the nucleolus, producing all rRNAs except 5S rRNA.

Note: It is insensitive to alpha amanitin (mushroom toxin)

36
Q

Polymerase II synthesizes what and where is it?

A

Located in the nucleus and codes for all protein coding nuclear pre-mRNAs
Note: Recognizes promoter sequence and EXTREMELY sensitive to alpha amanitin toxin

37
Q

Polymerase III is where and what does it synthesize?

A

In the nucleus; Synthesizes. TRNA, 5sRNA and miRNA or snRNAs
Note: Moderately sensitive to alpha amanitin toxin

38
Q

Mitochondrial polymerase synthesizes…?

A

mitochondrial RNA; In. Mitochondria

39
Q

B-thalassemia involves a mutation of _______ before b-hemoglobin gene

A

TATA box. Note: affects rate of transcription and rate of protein production

40
Q

________ regions in Eukaryotic promotes effect regulation of _____ ________

A

Enhancer ; gene expression

41
Q

Binding to ______ will increase the rate and frequency of transcription

A

Enhancer region

42
Q

What are suppressor regions?

A

Site of binding of regulatory proteins that stop transcription

43
Q

Where are cell signaling factors?

A

100 - 5000 be upstream from promoter

44
Q

What is the purpose of modifications?

A
  • Stability of mRNA
    -Determine protein variation from a single message (splicing)
    -Guide for translocation of mature mRNA to cytoplasm
45
Q

What are the types of processing for mRNA?

A
  1. 5’ cap
  2. 3’ poly-A tail
  3. Splicing
46
Q

What is 5’ cap?

A

A 7-methyl-guanosine to 5’ end

47
Q

What is a 3’ poly-A tail?

A

Numerous adenosines added for stability

48
Q

What is splicing?

A

Removal of introns

49
Q

Alpha amanitin (mushroom toxin) will inhibit…?

A

Eukaryotic poly II and poly III

50
Q

What antibiotic will bind to template preventing elongation?

A

ACTINOMYCES D

51
Q

What are two inhibitors of reverse transcription?

A

Azidothymidine (AZT) and dideoxyinosine (ddl)

52
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

A form of inherited autosomal recessive blood disorder characterized by abnormal formation of hemoglobin.

53
Q

What ethnicity is highly likely of carrying the thalassemia gene?

A

Mediterranean = 20%
US carrier = 7%

54
Q

What is alpha thalassemias?

A

Production of defective alpha globin chain
- 4 alleles, mostly deletion

55
Q

What is beta thalassemias?

A

Production of defective beta globulin chain

56
Q

What are possible mutations in beta thalassemias?

A

Promoter mutation
Splicing mutation
Capping and tailing mutations
Nonsense and frame shift mutation

57
Q

What happens to defective proteins in beta thalassemias?

A

They are destroyed

Molecular Diagnostics (6 decks)

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