lecture 2 - renal function and kidney disease

Question 1

what does the kidney do

Answer 1

produce urine

Question 2

what does the ureter do

Answer 2

transports urine toward bladder

Question 3

what does the bladder do

Answer 3

temporarily store urine

Question 4

what does the urethra do

Answer 4

Let’s urine come out

Question 5

what is excretion and elimination

Answer 5

removal of organic wastes products from body fluids e.g urea creatine uric acid

Question 6

what is the main function of the kidney

Answer 6

maintain homeostasis for a number solutes and water

Question 7

what ions need controlling of concentration in the kidneys

Answer 7

Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, H, HCO3

Question 8

when can the kidney produce glucose

Answer 8

via gluconeogenesis during fasting

Question 9

what is the kidney responsible for

Answer 9

elimination of many medication which changes the kidneys function which changes plasma concentration of these drugs

Question 10

what’s the renal threshold for a substance

Answer 10

is the concentration of a substance in blood which is prevented from passing through the kidneys into the urine

Question 11

what is the renal threshold for glucose

Answer 11

180mg/dL

Question 12

what is tubular maximum

Answer 12

maximum capacity of the kidneys to absorb a particular substance (Tm)

Question 13

what is the Tm for glucose

Answer 13

350mg/min

Question 14

what does neutral balance refer to

Answer 14

the state in which dietary intake plus endogenous production equals excretion rate of the kidney

total body contents remains stable

Question 15

what is positive balance

Answer 15

intake plus endogenous production >renal excretion rate, leading to increased total body content

Question 16

what is negative balance

Answer 16

intake plus endogenous production <renal excretion rate, leading to decreased total body content

Question 17

what are the key parts of the kidney

Answer 17

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
renal pyramids
ureter

Question 18

what are nephrons

Answer 18

the functional units of the kidney

Question 19

where do the nephrons traverse

Answer 19

between the cortex and the medulla

Question 20

what do the collecting ducts produce in the medulla

Answer 20

visible striations

Question 21

what are the two classes of nephrons

Answer 21

cortical nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 22

what is the filtrate

Answer 22

blood plasma minus proteins

Question 23

how is the filtrate produced

Answer 23

by glomerular filtration

Question 24

what does the urine contain

Answer 24

metabolic wastes and unneeded substances

Question 25

what are the three phases of urine formation

Answer 25

glomerular filtration selective and passive reabsorption secretion

Question 26

where does glomerular filtration take place (specific)

Answer 26

through the semipermeable walls of the glomerular capillaries

Question 27

how is the glomerular filtrate pushed through

Answer 27

by the driving hydrostatic pressure created by the arterial pressure

Question 28

where does reabsorption occur

Answer 28

in the proximal and distal tubule

Question 29

what happens to the filtrate during reabsorption

Answer 29

becomes highly concentrated due to water removal

Question 30

what is reabsorbed by active transport?

Answer 30

low molecular weight constituents e.g glucose, organic/inorganic ions

Question 31

what happens to substances during secretion

Answer 31

released into the urine in the kidney by active transport e.g H+, K+, urea, creatinine and drugs

Question 32

what is erythropoietin

Answer 32

polypeptide hormone that is formed by the kidney and liver

Question 33

what does erythropoietin control

Answer 33

the differentiation of bone marrow cells

Question 34

what stimulates release of erythropoietin

Answer 34

hypoxia (low pO2)

Question 35

what does erythropoietin ensure the bone marrow cells do

Answer 35

they're converted to erythrocytes, so their concentration in the blood increases

Question 36

what are ways of investigating renal disease

Answer 36

physical exam, history blood labs urinalysis renal biopsy

Question 37

what should urine be?

Answer 37

sterile clear amber color slightly acidic characteristic odour

Question 38

what is proteinuria

Answer 38

elevated protein in the urine

Question 39

what could proteinuria be a risk factor for

Answer 39

deterioration of renal function, of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

Question 40

how is proteinuria detected

Answer 40

by a dipstick only detects albumin

Question 41

when is urine collected

Answer 41

early morning sample quantitative measurement

Question 42

what is pre renal proteinuria

Answer 42

excess formation of a low molecular weight protein that is freely filtered

Question 43

How does glomerular proteinuria come about

Answer 43

damaged glomerular filtration barrier or increased hydrostatic pressure.

Question 44

what is tubular proteinuria caused by

Answer 44

proteins with high conc in tubular cells aren't be reabsorbed

Question 45

what