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(OMS1) SFM Exam 2 > Lecture 2: Protein Processing > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Protein Processing Flashcards

1
Q

What does streptomycin inhibit?

A

Binds to 30s subunit and interferes with binding of fmet-tRNA
-Impairs initiation

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2
Q

What doe clindamycin and erythromycin inhibit?

A

Binds to 50s subunit

-blocks translocation of ribosome

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3
Q

What does tetracycline inhibit?

A

Binds to 30s subunit and blocks entry of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomal complex
-impairs elongation

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4
Q

What does chloramphenicol inhibit?

A

Inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and impairs peptide bond formation in prokaryotes

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5
Q

How do Shiga toxin and ricin work?

A

Binds to 60s subunit and blocks entry of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomal complex

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6
Q

How does Diphtheria toxin work?

A

Inactivates GTP-bound elongation factor-2

-Impairs ribosomal translocation

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7
Q

How does cycloheximide work?

A

Inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and impairs peptide bond formation in eukaryotes

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8
Q

How does puromycin work?

A

Premature chain termination in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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9
Q

What is the pathology behind Sickle Cell Disease?

A

Missense mutation

Glutamic Acid –> Valine

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10
Q

What is the pathology behind Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

A

Frameshift mutation that leads to dysfunctional dystrophin protein in males
*muscle wasting

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11
Q

In the cytoplasmic pathway, where are proteins destined for?

A

Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Peroxisomes

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12
Q

In the secretory pathway, where are proteins destined for?

A

Plasma Membrane
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum

They have ER targeting signal peptide and undergo post-translational modification in ER/Golgi

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13
Q

What is the signal for a protein sent to the cytoplasm?

A

None

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14
Q

What is the signal for a protein sent to the mitochondria?

A

N-terminal hydrophobic alpha helix signal peptide

-recognized by TIM and TOM transporters in mitochondria

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15
Q

What is the signal for a protein sent to the nucleus?

A

KKKRK signal (lysine/arginine rich)

  • imported via nuclear pores
  • large proteins require nuclear localization signals
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16
Q

What is the signal for a protein sent to peroxisomes?

A

C-terminal SKL signal sequence

17
Q

What is the signal for a protein sent to the ER Lumen?

A

C-terminal KDEL retention signal

18
Q

What is the signal for a protein sent to the lysosomes?

A

Mannose 6-phosphate signal group

19
Q

What is the signal for a protein sent out for secretion?

A

Tryptophan rich domain

20
Q

What is the signal for a protein sent to the membranes?

A

N-terminal apolar region (stop transfer sequence)

21
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

Proteins are covalently linked to sugar residue in ER lumen

O-glycosides: Hydroxyl groups on Ser or Thr residues
N-glycosides: Acid-amide group on Asparagine

22
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Formation of ester bond between phosphate and OH group of amino acid
-Ser/Thr Activity or Tyrosine Kinase

23
Q

What are disulfide bond formations?

A

Disulfide bonds stabilize proteins
Bonds between Thiol (SH) groups of 2 cysteine residues

Formation in ER lumen

24
Q

Acetylation

A

Acetyl added on lysine residues

-important for protein modification

25
Q

What is essential for the activity of lysyl and prolyl hydroxylases?

A

Ascorbic Acid

26
Q

Defects in in lysyl hydroxylases can result in?

A

Skin, bone, joint disorders

  • Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
  • Nevo Syndrome
  • Bruck Syndrome
27
Q

What is the pathology behind Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Amyloid precursor protein breaks down to form Amyloid Beta Peptide (AB)

  • misfolding and aggregation in brain
  • Hyperphosphorylation of Tau
28
Q

What is the pathology behind Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Aggregation of alpha-synuclein protein

  • Deposits as Lewy bodies in dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra
  • Reduced availability of dopamine
29
Q

What is the pathology behind Huntington’s Disease?

A

Mutation in huntingtin gene –> expansion in CAG triplets

-abnormal polyglutamine repeats

30
Q

What is the pathology behind Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?

A

AKA Mad Cow Disease/Encephalopathy

  • misfolding due to prion proteisn
  • infection
  • spongy brain

(OMS1) SFM Exam 2 (11 decks)

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