Lecture 2 : Prokaryotic Diversity

Question 1

What are the 3 domains of life

Answer 1

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya

Question 2

Bacteria

Answer 2

• prokaryotic
• unicellular microorganisms
• Outnumber eukaryotic cells greatly
• Vast and diverse species

Question 3

What are the 8 best known types of bacterial groups ?

Answer 3

• Hadobacteria
• Hyperthermophilic bacteria
• Firmicutes
• Actinobacteria
• Cyanobacteria
• Spirochetes
• Chlamydias
• Proteobacteria

Question 4

Hadobacteria

Answer 4

• thermophiles

- Can also live in extremely cold temperatures

Question 5

Hyperthermophilic Bacteria

Answer 5

• extremophiles

- environments like volcano vents, hot springs or underground oil reserves

Question 6

Fimicutes

Answer 6

• some of the smallest cellular organisms
• found in the human microbiome
• some are associated with obesity and diabetes
• can produce endospores

Question 7

Endospores

Answer 7

A resistant spore that develops inside some bacteria cells

Question 8

How can endospores be beneficial for bacteria?

Answer 8

• survive tough environments

- encapsulates DNA

Question 9

Actinobacteria

Answer 9

• most found in soil
• important roles in decomposition and humus formation
• found in diseases like tuberculosis

Question 10

Cyanobacteria

Answer 10

• first photo-synthesizers
• some are aquatic
• some are able to fix nitrogen
• ancient group

Question 11

Nitrogen Fixation

Answer 11

process in which nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is incorporated into the tissue of plants

Question 12

Symboisis

Answer 12

A symbiotic relationship where two organisms form a mutually beneficial relationship

Question 13

What was a major contribution of cyanobacteria

Answer 13

the symbiotic relationship led to the formation of chloroplasts. They also helped to generate oxygen for our atmosphere

Question 14

Spirochetes

Answer 14

• Move using axial filament ( internal flagella )
• Many are human pathogens
• some live freely in mud or water

Question 15

Chlamydias

Answer 15

• very small

- parasitic and pathogenic ( STDs)

Question 16

Proteobacteria

Answer 16

• largest and most diverse group of bacteria
• vast metabolic diversity
• move using flagella

Question 17

Bacteria in and on our body outnumber our own cells as much as ___ to ___

Answer 17

10 to 1

Question 18

Archaea

Answer 18

• prokaryotic
• more similar to eukaryotes based on organization
• size and simplicity is similar to bacteria

Question 19

What kind of environments do archaea inhabit ?

Answer 19

extreme environments such as rift vents, hot springs, digestive tracts of cows etc.

Question 20

What are the 5 major groups of Archaea ?

Answer 20

• Euryarchaeota
• Crenarchaeota
• Thaumarchaerota
• Korarchaeota
• Lokiarchaeota

Question 21

Which groups of Archaea are the most known ?

Answer 21

• Euryarchaeota

- Crenarchaeota

Question 22

Which groups of bacteria derive only from hot thermal vents ?

Answer 22

• Korarchaeota

* Thaumarchaeota

Question 23

Which group of bacteria was recently discovered ?

Answer 23

• Lokiarcharota

Question 24

What is DNA barcoding

Answer 24

taxonomic method that uses a short genetic marker in an organism’s DNA to identify it as belonging to a particular species. It can also be used to differentiate between species.

Question 25

What are the benefits of DNA barcoding ?

Answer 25

• method of identifying species quick and cost efficiently

Question 26

What DNA is used in bar-coding

Answer 26

Mitochondrial

Question 27

What are some consequences of DNA bar- coding

Answer 27

• male bias