Exam 2 Terminology

Question 1

Allopatry

Answer 1

The result of new species because of geographic separation

Question 2

Sympatry

Answer 2

Two species that exist in the same geographic area which can result in interbreeding between the two

Question 3

Obligate

Answer 3

By necessity, needed for survival

Question 4

Facultative:

Answer 4

Optional, discretionary, not necessary for survival.

Question 5

Density Dependent

Answer 5

Any factor that limits the size of a population. Ex) disease, predation, migration, food availability

Question 6

Density Independent:

Answer 6

A factor that will affect the size of a population regardless of population density. Ex) Weather, pollutants, climate

Question 7

Exponential Growth:

Answer 7

A growth in which the rate is proportional to the increasing number/size.

Question 8

Logistic Growth

Answer 8

Growth rate decreases as population reaches a carrying capacity.
Ex) Limited resources or competition (intraspecific)

Question 9

Introgression

Answer 9

Incorporation into the gene pool of one specie’s genes from a second distinct species. Usually happens with association with hybridization

Question 10

Cryptogenic species

Answer 10

A species whose origins are unknown. Could be native or introduced.

Question 11

Introduced species

Answer 11

Also known as an exotic species, an organism that is not native to the area and is introduced by accident or deliberately by human activity

Question 12

Founder Effect

Answer 12

The loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is introduced

Question 13

Propagule pressure

Answer 13

The number of individuals introduced and the number of introduction attempts

Question 14

Allee Effect:

Answer 14

A phenomenon in biology characterized by the correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness.

Question 15

Biotic Resistance Hypothesis

Answer 15

Describes the chances of an invasive species to be successful in an introduced environment

Question 16

Disturbance

Answer 16

A temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem

Question 17

Physical based Control

Answer 17

Used when invasion is geographically limited or contained. Trapping, digging up otherwise physically removing individual invaders

Question 18

Chemical based Control:

Answer 18

Used when invasion is on a broad scale; pesticides, herbicides etc.

Question 19

Biological based Control

Answer 19

The release of a predator, parasite, or pathogen to reduce the population of the invader.

Question 20

Niche:

Answer 20

Physical habitat of a species and the ecological role of a species in that habitat

Question 21

Fundamental Niche

Answer 21

Entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself

Question 22

Realized Niche:

Answer 22

set of conditions used by a given animal (population, species) after interactions with other species (predation, competition) have been considered.

Question 23

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Answer 23

No two species can occupy the same ecological niche at the same time. The one that is more efficient at using resources will exclude the other.

Question 24

Resource Partitioning:

Answer 24

Species co-exist in a habitat by utilizing different parts of single resource.

Question 25

Resource Limitation

Answer 25

Limitation of population growth by resource availability. Ex) food, territory, mates, nesting sites

Question 26

Intraspecific Competition

Answer 26

Competition between two individuals of the same species

Question 27

Interspecific Competition

Answer 27

Competiton between individuals of different species

Question 28

Interference Competition

Answer 28

A form of competition (direct) where one organism prevents other organisms from using the resource; direct, antagonistic, aggressive.

Question 29

Exploitation Competition

Answer 29

A form of competition (indirect) where an organism indirectly competes for resources by exploitation resources to limit availability to other organisms; indirect, use of common limiting resource.

Question 30

Pre-emptive Competition:

Answer 30

A form of competition ( direct) One species controls access to resources by establishing itself and occupying space that ensures access to sufficient resources preventing competitors.

Question 31

Apparent Competition

Answer 31

A form of competition where no competitor is important but the combined effect of two or more competitors is significant.

Question 32

Character Displacement

Answer 32

Character traits of two closely related species differ more when they are sympatric than when they are allopatric

Question 33

Predation

Answer 33

The act of preying one animal on others.

Question 34

Mutualism

Answer 34

A relationship that is beneficial to both organisms

Question 35

Symbiosis

Answer 35

two or more organisms exist in close association

Question 36

Commensalism

Answer 36

An association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives no effect or harm.

Question 37

Parasitism:

Answer 37

The practice of living as a parasite in another organism.