Exam 2 Terminology Flashcards
Allopatry
The result of new species because of geographic separation
Sympatry
Two species that exist in the same geographic area which can result in interbreeding between the two
Obligate
By necessity, needed for survival
Facultative:
Optional, discretionary, not necessary for survival.
Density Dependent
Any factor that limits the size of a population. Ex) disease, predation, migration, food availability
Density Independent:
A factor that will affect the size of a population regardless of population density. Ex) Weather, pollutants, climate
Exponential Growth:
A growth in which the rate is proportional to the increasing number/size.
Logistic Growth
Growth rate decreases as population reaches a carrying capacity.
Ex) Limited resources or competition (intraspecific)
Introgression
Incorporation into the gene pool of one specie’s genes from a second distinct species. Usually happens with association with hybridization
Cryptogenic species
A species whose origins are unknown. Could be native or introduced.
Introduced species
Also known as an exotic species, an organism that is not native to the area and is introduced by accident or deliberately by human activity
Founder Effect
The loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is introduced
Propagule pressure
The number of individuals introduced and the number of introduction attempts
Allee Effect:
A phenomenon in biology characterized by the correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness.
Biotic Resistance Hypothesis
Describes the chances of an invasive species to be successful in an introduced environment
Disturbance
A temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem
Physical based Control
Used when invasion is geographically limited or contained. Trapping, digging up otherwise physically removing individual invaders
Chemical based Control:
Used when invasion is on a broad scale; pesticides, herbicides etc.
Biological based Control
The release of a predator, parasite, or pathogen to reduce the population of the invader.
Niche:
Physical habitat of a species and the ecological role of a species in that habitat
Fundamental Niche
Entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself
Realized Niche:
set of conditions used by a given animal (population, species) after interactions with other species (predation, competition) have been considered.
Competitive Exclusion Principle
No two species can occupy the same ecological niche at the same time. The one that is more efficient at using resources will exclude the other.
Resource Partitioning:
Species co-exist in a habitat by utilizing different parts of single resource.
Resource Limitation
Limitation of population growth by resource availability. Ex) food, territory, mates, nesting sites
Intraspecific Competition
Competition between two individuals of the same species
Interspecific Competition
Competiton between individuals of different species
Interference Competition
A form of competition (direct) where one organism prevents other organisms from using the resource; direct, antagonistic, aggressive.
Exploitation Competition
A form of competition (indirect) where an organism indirectly competes for resources by exploitation resources to limit availability to other organisms; indirect, use of common limiting resource.
Pre-emptive Competition:
A form of competition ( direct) One species controls access to resources by establishing itself and occupying space that ensures access to sufficient resources preventing competitors.
Apparent Competition
A form of competition where no competitor is important but the combined effect of two or more competitors is significant.
Character Displacement
Character traits of two closely related species differ more when they are sympatric than when they are allopatric
Predation
The act of preying one animal on others.
Mutualism
A relationship that is beneficial to both organisms
Symbiosis
two or more organisms exist in close association
Commensalism
An association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives no effect or harm.
Parasitism:
The practice of living as a parasite in another organism.
