Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PT-ELC133: PHARMACOLOGY > ⭐ LECTURE 2: PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS > Flashcards

⭐ LECTURE 2: PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the SIX types of THERAPIES?

A

Acute Therapy

Maintenance Therapy – common in elderly

Supplemental Therapy

Palliative Therapy

Supportive Therapy

Prophylactic Therapy – give medication to prevent certain kinds of diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ratio between a drug’s therapeutic benefits and its toxic effects
Benefits > toxic effects

A

Therapeutic Index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

decreasing response to a repetitive drug

A

Tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

physiological or psychological need for a drug

A

Dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alteration of action of a drug by:
Other prescribed drug
OTC medications
Herbal therapies

A

Interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Preventable, Medication errors that may result in patient harm

A

Adverse drug EVENTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Inherent and not preventable
Unexpected, undesirable, and occurs at doses normally used

A

Adverse drug REACTIONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the undesirable response to drug therapy

A

Idiosyncratic,
Hypersensitivity reactions,
Drug interactions, Iatrogenic Responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

unintentional adverse effects that are treatment-induced

A

Iatrogenic Responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the SIX factors influencing the efficacy of a drug?

A
  1. Route of Administration
  2. Rate of Absorption
  3. Distribution of the drug to the required site
  4. Rate of biotransformation or metabolism
  5. Presence of active metabolite
  6. Rate of excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ability of the drug to cross the cell membrane is influenced by its solubility in water or fat, its size and shape

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What orally prepared drug has the FASTEST drug absorption rate?

A

Liquids, elixirs, syrups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What orally prepared drug has the SLOWEST drug absorption rate?

A

Enteric-coated tablets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Small water-soluble molecules which flow through the hydrophilic pores

A

Filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

diffusion (high to low concentration)

A

Passive Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

energy and carriers are required to move non-fat soluble substances across the cell membrane

A

Active Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the FIVE factors affecting the absorption rate (ka)?

A

Blood supply to the site of absorption
Formulation of the drug
Gut transit time
pH in the gut
Solubility of the product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How the drug is distributed through the bloodstream

A

Distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Major organs and blood vessels
Low lipid solubility (hydrophilic)
Low Vd

A

Central Compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Skin and fat stores
High lipid solubility (lipophilic)
High Vd

A

Peripheral Compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Amount of drug in the body to the concentration in the plasma

A

Volume Distribution (Vd)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Only free fraction can move to target site (ratio of 80% bound : 20% free)

A

Plasma protein binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Active metabolites have more side effects than inactive metabolites

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

major organ of metabolism

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the factors affecting metabolism?

A

Genetic factors
Other drugs
Smoking
Enzyme induction/inhibition
Some foods
Liver disease
Age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Drug passes the liver before going into circulation

A

FIRST-PASS EFFECT

27
Q

extensively metabolized by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation (high first-pass effect)

A

Oral route

28
Q

bypasses the liver (prevents the first-pass effect)

A

IV

29
Q

Metabolism of orally administered drugs in a single passage thru the gut wall and the liver

A

First-Pass (Presystemic Metabolism)

30
Q

What are the TEN routes that bypass the liver?

A

Sublingual
Transdermal
Buccal
Vaginal
Rectal (high first pass)
IM
IV
Subcutaneous
Intranasal
Inhalation

31
Q

Process by which the drug is removed from the body

A

Excretion

32
Q

primary site for drug excretion

A

Kidneys

33
Q

What are the organs that facilitate primary excretion?

A

Kidneys (urine)
Gut (feces)
Skin (sweat)
Lungs (Breath)
Mouth (Saliva)

34
Q

Extent to which active ingredients are absorbed and transported to site of action

A

BIOAVAILABILITY

35
Q

IV administration equates to?

A

IV administration = higher – 100% bioavailability

36
Q

PO administration equates to?

A

PO administration = less – <100% bioavailability

37
Q

What are the factors of bioavailability?

A

Drug solubility
Pharmaceutical formulation
pH
Food

38
Q

Peaks and troughs in plasma levels with other routes of administration, Dose regimes are calculated to maintain therapeutic plasma

A

Plasma levels

39
Q

Amount of plasma from which the drug can be totally removed per unit time

A

DRUG CLEARANCE

40
Q

The time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug

A

Half life

41
Q

needs to be given frequently

A

Short half-life (2-4hrs)

42
Q

requires less frequent dosing

A

Long half-life (21-24hrs)

43
Q

How many half lives are needed to to approx eliminate 98% of a drug from the body?

A

5-6

44
Q

time in which the plasma concentration falls by 1/2

A

Plasma half life

45
Q

time in which a pharmacological effect of a drug, and any of the active metabolites, has declined by 1/2

A

Biological effect half life

46
Q

time in which the total amount of drug in the body after equilibrium of plasma with other compartments (fat and muscle) is halved

A

Biological half life

47
Q

Plateau concentration is also known as?

A

Steady state concentration

48
Q

It is the Indication of safety
for a drug

A

Therapeutic Index / Ratio

49
Q

Metabolism + Excretion = ?

A

Elimination

50
Q

The formulation of the product for each delivery route is vital to ensure optimal activity and consistent delivery

A

Routes of Administration

51
Q

absorption is hampered by food, drug may be destroyed or may not be absorbed, first pass metabolism

A

Oral

52
Q

Tablets / Capsules / Elixirs /Syrups / Suspensions / Granules / Powders / Caplets / Drops are administered ____

A

Orally

53
Q

ID / Subcutaneous / IM / IV / Intra-thecal / Epidural / Spinal / Depot are administered _____

A

Parenteral

54
Q

Tablets / Sprays are administered _____

A

Sublingual / Buccal

55
Q

no degradation by digestive juices and no first pass metabolism

A

ublingual / Buccal

56
Q

Aerosol inhalers / Dry powder inhalers / Nebuliser solutions / Spacers are administered _____

A

Inhaled

57
Q

Suppositories / Enemas are administered _____

A

Rectally (PR)

58
Q

useful in patients who cannot swallow/vomit/uncooperative

A

Rectal administration

59
Q

Pessaries / Creams / Vaginal tablets are administered _____

A

Vaginally

60
Q

Creams / Gels / Patches are administered _____

A

Transdermal

61
Q

Creams / Lotions / Gels / Nasal sprays / Shampoos / Suppositories / Peccaries are administered _____

A

Topically

62
Q

Pills or tablets that are coated with substances which resist the acid juice of the stomach but permit disintegration in intestinal juices

A

ENTERIC-COATING

63
Q

Release the active drug over an extended period of time

A

Sustained release

PT-ELC133: PHARMACOLOGY (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions