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DPT 930- cardioplum > Lecture 2- normal physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 2- normal physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is cardiac index

A

measurement of how well the heart is functioning

more individualized than EF

correlates blood volume pumped from the heart to the body

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2
Q

what is the normal value for CI

A

~2.5-4.0 L/min/m2

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3
Q

what is the critical value for CI

A

2.2, patient is in cardiogenic shock

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4
Q

how does venous return happen

A

during inhalation, increased abdominal pressure creates a vacuum in the thoracic cavity, pulling blood back towards the heart

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5
Q

which has more pressure in venous return

venous vs arterial
distal venous vs proximal venous

A

arterial
distal venous

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6
Q

what does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve measure

A

ability of RBCs to release O2 to tissues

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7
Q

what does 90% SpO2 mean

A

PaO2 is 60 mmHg
which is the minimum O2 concentration to prevent ischemia in tissue

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8
Q

what happens during a L shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve

A

Hgb holds O2 d/t tissue not needing it
decrease PaO2
decrease temp
decrease m work
higher blood pH

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9
Q

what happens during a R shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve

A

release O2 to tissues
naturally happens with exercise
higher temp
higher m work
lower blood pH

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10
Q

what makes up the angina threshold

A

first perception of angina (pressure or pain)
based on myocardial O2 demand
correlated to HR or SBP

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11
Q

how is the HR response to exercise

A

should increase and decrease linearly during warm up and cool down

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12
Q

which region of the body produces a high HR during exercise

A

upper body

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13
Q

which formula has a more precise for predicting max age HR

A

207-(.7 x age)
more accurate in >40 yo

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14
Q

which vital sign is a better indicator of end organ perfusion

A

MAP

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15
Q

what is MAP normal

A

70-110 mmHg

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16
Q

what is systolic blood pressure

A

pressure in peripheral arteries during ventricular contraction
distal arteries with aortic valve open

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17
Q

what is diastolic blood pressure

A

pressure in peripheral arteries during ventricular relaxation, heart is filling
blood in coronary arteries

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18
Q

how does systolic and diastolic BP fluctuate during exercise

A

SBP- increases
DBP- ~10 mmHg

PVR- drops with activity

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19
Q

what region of the body results in greater blood volume redistribution

A

lower body

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20
Q

at rest, what percentage of CO supplies skeletal m

A

15-20%

21
Q

with intense exertion, what percentage of CO supplies skeletal m

A

80-85%

22
Q

what is responsible for vasodilation that needs increased blood flow

A

sympathetic nervous system

23
Q

what is the positive wave of ECG

A

activity moving towards the electrode

24
Q

what is the negative wave of ECG

A

activity moving away from electrode

25
Q

how does electricity move throughout the heart

A

60 deg axis

26
Q

what does the P wave represent

A

low voltage
atrial depolar/contract

27
Q

what does the QRS complex represent

A

high voltage
ventricular depolar/contract

28
Q

what does the ST segment represent

A

time between completion of depolar and onset of repolar/relax

29
Q

what does the T wave represent

A

should be in same direction as QRS
ventricular repolar/relax

30
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for B type natriuretic peptide

A

cardiac enzyme
<100
released in response to ventricular stretch or worsening heart failure

31
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for troponin T

A

cardiac enzymes
<.1
biomarker for cardiac tissue ischemia :more sensitive to damage

32
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for troponin I

A

cardiac enzyme
<.03
biomarker for cardiac tissue ischemia: takes longer to appear in the blood

33
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for HDL

A

blood lipids
>40-50
removes excess cholesterol from endothelial lining

34
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for LDL

A

blood lipids
<100
creates plaques and increases risk of atherosclerosis

35
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for total cholesterol

A

blood lipids
<200
main lipid associated with CVD

36
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for hemoglobin

A

CBC
M: 14-18
F: 12-16
transports O2

37
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for hematocrit

A

CBC
M: 42-52%
F: 37-47%
percentage of RBC in total blood volume

38
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for WBC

A

CBC
5-10K
indicates infection present

39
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for platelets

A

CBC
150-400
stops bleeding via clot formation

40
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for prothrombin time

A

coagulation panel
11-12.5
coumadin efficacy

41
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for partial thromboplastin time

A

coagulation panel
21-35
monitor heparin

42
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for international normalized ratio

A

coagulation panel
.8-1.2
indicates risk of bleeding, variability depends on pathology

43
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for sodium

A

electrolytes
135-145
extracellular fluid volume

44
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for potassium

A

electrolytes
3.5-5.0
excitability of nerve, m, and cardiac tissue

45
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for magnesium

A

electrolytes
1.3-2.1
BP and heart rhythm control

46
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for calcium

A

electrolytes
9-10.5
cardiac m contraction

47
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for blood urea nitrogen

A

electrolyte
10-20
level and excretory kidney function

48
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for creatinine

A

electrolytes
.5-1.2
renal function

49
Q

what is the category, normal range, and indication for creatine kinase

A

electrolytes
30-170
released by injured tissue

DPT 930- cardioplum (3 decks)

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