Lecture 2- normal physiology Flashcards by Caitlyn Griffin

what is cardiac index

measurement of how well the heart is functioning

more individualized than EF

correlates blood volume pumped from the heart to the body

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what is the normal value for CI

~2.5-4.0 L/min/m2

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what is the critical value for CI

2.2, patient is in cardiogenic shock

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how does venous return happen

during inhalation, increased abdominal pressure creates a vacuum in the thoracic cavity, pulling blood back towards the heart

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which has more pressure in venous return

venous vs arterial
distal venous vs proximal venous

arterial
distal venous

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what does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve measure

ability of RBCs to release O2 to tissues

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what does 90% SpO2 mean

PaO2 is 60 mmHg
which is the minimum O2 concentration to prevent ischemia in tissue

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what happens during a L shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve

Hgb holds O2 d/t tissue not needing it
decrease PaO2
decrease temp
decrease m work
higher blood pH

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what happens during a R shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve

release O2 to tissues
naturally happens with exercise
higher temp
higher m work
lower blood pH

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what makes up the angina threshold

first perception of angina (pressure or pain)
based on myocardial O2 demand
correlated to HR or SBP

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how is the HR response to exercise

should increase and decrease linearly during warm up and cool down

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which region of the body produces a high HR during exercise

upper body

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which formula has a more precise for predicting max age HR

207-(.7 x age)
more accurate in >40 yo

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which vital sign is a better indicator of end organ perfusion

MAP

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what is MAP normal

70-110 mmHg

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what is systolic blood pressure

pressure in peripheral arteries during ventricular contraction
distal arteries with aortic valve open

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what is diastolic blood pressure

pressure in peripheral arteries during ventricular relaxation, heart is filling
blood in coronary arteries

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how does systolic and diastolic BP fluctuate during exercise

SBP- increases
DBP- ~10 mmHg

PVR- drops with activity

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what region of the body results in greater blood volume redistribution

lower body

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at rest, what percentage of CO supplies skeletal m

15-20%

with intense exertion, what percentage of CO supplies skeletal m

80-85%

what is responsible for vasodilation that needs increased blood flow

sympathetic nervous system

what is the positive wave of ECG

activity moving towards the electrode

what is the negative wave of ECG

activity moving away from electrode

how does electricity move throughout the heart

60 deg axis

what does the P wave represent

low voltage atrial depolar/contract

what does the QRS complex represent

high voltage ventricular depolar/contract

what does the ST segment represent

time between completion of depolar and onset of repolar/relax

what does the T wave represent

should be in same direction as QRS ventricular repolar/relax

what is the category, normal range, and indication for B type natriuretic peptide

cardiac enzyme <100 released in response to ventricular stretch or worsening heart failure

what is the category, normal range, and indication for troponin T

cardiac enzymes <.1 biomarker for cardiac tissue ischemia :more sensitive to damage

what is the category, normal range, and indication for troponin I

cardiac enzyme <.03 biomarker for cardiac tissue ischemia: takes longer to appear in the blood

what is the category, normal range, and indication for HDL

blood lipids >40-50 removes excess cholesterol from endothelial lining

what is the category, normal range, and indication for LDL

blood lipids <100 creates plaques and increases risk of atherosclerosis

what is the category, normal range, and indication for total cholesterol

blood lipids <200 main lipid associated with CVD

what is the category, normal range, and indication for hemoglobin

CBC M: 14-18 F: 12-16 transports O2

what is the category, normal range, and indication for hematocrit

CBC M: 42-52% F: 37-47% percentage of RBC in total blood volume

what is the category, normal range, and indication for WBC

CBC 5-10K indicates infection present

what is the category, normal range, and indication for platelets

CBC 150-400 stops bleeding via clot formation

what is the category, normal range, and indication for prothrombin time

coagulation panel 11-12.5 coumadin efficacy

what is the category, normal range, and indication for partial thromboplastin time

coagulation panel 21-35 monitor heparin

what is the category, normal range, and indication for international normalized ratio

coagulation panel .8-1.2 indicates risk of bleeding, variability depends on pathology

what is the category, normal range, and indication for sodium

electrolytes 135-145 extracellular fluid volume

what is the category, normal range, and indication for potassium

electrolytes 3.5-5.0 excitability of nerve, m, and cardiac tissue

what is the category, normal range, and indication for magnesium

electrolytes 1.3-2.1 BP and heart rhythm control

what is the category, normal range, and indication for calcium

electrolytes 9-10.5 cardiac m contraction

what is the category, normal range, and indication for blood urea nitrogen

electrolyte 10-20 level and excretory kidney function

what is the category, normal range, and indication for creatinine

electrolytes .5-1.2 renal function

what is the category, normal range, and indication for creatine kinase

electrolytes 30-170 released by injured tissue