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DPT 930- cardioplum > Lecture 1- normal anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 1- normal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is not located in the mediastinum

A

lungs

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2
Q

where is the apex of the heart

A

5th intercostal space of the mid-clavicular line

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3
Q

what are the 3 tissue layers surrounding the heart

A

pericardium- outer
myocardium- m layer
endocardium- inner

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4
Q

what makes up the pericardium layer of the heart

A
  1. fibrous- anchored to diaphragm
  2. parietal- pericardial fluid
  3. visceral (epicardium)- contains coronary arteries
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5
Q

what is the function of pericardial fluid

A

decrease friction during the heart cycle

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6
Q

what is contained in the endocardium

A

valves
chordae tendinae
electrical components

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7
Q

who is most at risk for endocarditis

A

IV drug users

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8
Q

what are the atrias seperated by

A

interatrial septum

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9
Q

which atria has thicker walls

A

left due to the higher pressure of blood coming from pulmonary circulation

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10
Q

what mm contribute to strength of atrial contraction

A

pectinate m

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11
Q

what are the ventricles separated by

A

interventricular septum

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12
Q

what are valves

A

leaflets attached to papillary m via chordae tendinae

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13
Q

when do the AV valves prevent backflow

A

during ventricular contraction

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14
Q

when do the SL valves prevent backflow

A

ventricular relaxation

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15
Q

when do the coronary arteries receive blood

A

during ventricular relaxation while the aortic valve is closed

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16
Q

what arteries branch off the L coronary artery

A

L anterior descending
circumflex

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17
Q

what does the L anterior descending artery give blood supply to

A

anterior L ventricle
anterior 2/3 IV septum
small R ventricle

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18
Q

what does the circumflex artery give blood supply to

A

L atrium
postlat L ventricle
SA node 40%
bundle of his

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19
Q

what arteries branch off the R coronary artery

A

R marginal artery
R posterior descending

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20
Q

what does the R marginal artery give blood supply to

A

lat R ventricle

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21
Q

what does the R post descending artery give blood supply to

A

inf L ventricle
post 1/3 IV septum

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22
Q

what does the R coronary artery give blood supply to

A

R atrium
SA node 60%
AV node

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23
Q

what is coronary dominance

A

coronary artery system that is responsible for the majority of the post L ventricular circulation

majority is R dominant

24
Q

what arteries come off the aortic arch

A

braciocephalic a (R carotid and R subclavian)
L carotid
L subclavian

25
Q

what does the aorta bifurcate into

A

B iliac artery

26
Q

where does plaque build up occur in the arteries

A

tunica intima within the epithelial cells

27
Q

within vessels, where is the smooth muscle

A

tunica media

28
Q

which layer of vessels is made up of collagen/elastin

A

adventitia/externa

29
Q

which layer of the heart has the highest number of mitochondria

A

myocardium

30
Q

what makes up the myocardial mass

A

mitochondria in the myocardium

31
Q

what is the relationship between Ca and contractibility and HR

A

the more Ca binds to filaments causes increased contractability and higher HR

32
Q

when is myoblobin stored and released

A

O2 stored during diastole and releases during systole

33
Q

what is automaticity

A

pacemaker ability

34
Q

what is conductivity

A

conduct impulses to one another

35
Q

what is contractability

A

shorter or longer

36
Q

what is irritability

A

contract on their own and/or send impulses without first being stimulated from another source

37
Q

how does the sympathetic NS affect the heart

A

increased HR
increased contractability
coronary artery vasodilation

38
Q

how does the parasympathetic NS affect the heart

A

via vagus nerve

decrease HR
decrease contractability
SA node by R vagus
AV node by L vagus

39
Q

what are the sympathetic cardiac receptors

A

adrenergic
beta 1
beta 2

40
Q

what is the function of adrenergic receptors

A

peripheral vasoconstriction
epinephrine/norepinephrine
increase systemic vascular resistance

41
Q

what is the function of beta 1 receptors

A

increased HR and SV
increase CO

42
Q

what is the function of beta 2 receptors

A

pulmonary and peripheral vasodilation

decrease systemic vascular resistance

43
Q

what occurs during atrial systole

A

blood ejected to relaxed ventricles

44
Q

what occurs during atrial diastole

A

atria relaxed, prep next cycle

45
Q

what occurs during early ventricular systole

A

AV valves close
not enough pressure for SL to open

46
Q

what occurs during late ventricular systole

A

SL valves open
blood ejected

47
Q

what occurs during early ventricular diastole

A

close SL valve

48
Q

what occurs during late ventricular systole

A

all chambers relaxed
passive ventricular filling

49
Q

what is S1 heart sound

A

LUB

closure of AV valves
early ventricular systole
peak R wave

50
Q

what is S2 heart sound

A

DUB

closure of SL valves
starts ventricular diastole
end T wave

51
Q

what is stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected per contraction

52
Q

what is CO

A

volume of blood ejected from L ventricle per minute
4-6 L/min

CO= HRxSV

53
Q

what is preload

A

degree heart m can stretch before contraction
end diastolic volume- blood return to heart
direct proportional to SV

54
Q

what is contractility

A

ability of ventricles to contract to send blood to the lungs and periphery

increase HR= increase contractility

HR >120 increase Ca increase contraction

reflected by EF

55
Q

what is the best indicator of heart function

A

ejection fraction

56
Q

what is afterload

A

force that resists contraction
pressure in arterial system during systole
SVR
increase afterload= decrease SV and CO

DPT 930- cardioplum (3 decks)

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