Lecture 2 - Neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Encephalon
A
In the head
2
Q
Forebrain prosencephalon
A
Telencephalon ‘end brain’ and diencephalon ‘interbrain’
3
Q
Telencephalon
A
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
4
Q
Diencephalon
A
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
5
Q
Midbrain mesencephalon
A
Tectum
Tegmentum
6
Q
Hindbrain rhombencephalon
A
Metencephalon ‘after brain’ and myelencephalon ‘marrow brain’
7
Q
Metencephalon
A
Cerebellum
Pons
8
Q
Myelencephalon
A
Medulla oblongata
9
Q
Basal ganglia
A
- Collection of nuclei (a group of cell bodies)
- Important for: control of movement (self-initiated movement), reward systems
- Lesions in basal ganglia can cause disorders such as Parkinson’s (rigidity and difficulty with voluntary movement due to degeneration of cells in midbrain which disrupt pathway to striatum) and Huntingdon’s (involuntary and disjointed movement due to degeneration of neurons in the striatum)
10
Q
Structure of basal ganglia
A
- Striatum: receives info from cortex and sends it to globus pallidus
- Caudate nucleus = ‘nucleus with a tail’
- Putamen = ‘shell’/fruit stone
- Globus pallidus = ‘pale globe’
11
Q
The limbic system
A
- Limbic cortex
- Hippocampus (‘sea horse’) (temporal lobe)
- Amygdala (‘almond’) (temporal lobe) – emotional memory (fear-related behaviour) e.g. remove amygdala in monkeys reduces fear. Case study SM – took round fear inducing situations and didn’t show any fear at all (didn’t feel fear just anger)
- Fornix (‘arch’)
- Mammillary bodies (‘breast shaped’)
- Important for: emotion, learning/memory
12
Q
Hippocampus
A
- Important for consolidating memory
- Classic case study: Patient H.M
- Important for spatial navigation
- Object navigation – rats/mice very interested in new things. Show two different contexts and show two different objects in each then put one of each object in one context. Spend more time looking at unexpected object (new thing)
- Rats with lesions in hippocampus explored new thing and old thing simultaneously
13
Q
Thalamus
A
- Two lobes separated by massa intermedia
- Receives info from, and sends info to (project), the cortex (relay)
- Divided into nuclei including: lateral geniculate nucleus (receives fibres from retina, projects to visual cortex), medial geniculate nucleus, ventrolateral nucleus. Receive input from a particular sensory system and send it on to cortex
14
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- Controls automatic nervous system (involuntary physiological processes)
- Connected to pituitary gland (send info to pituitary gland then pituitary gland sends info to endocrine system)
15
Q
Tectum
A
- ‘Roof’
- Superior colliculi – visual processing
- Inferior colliculi – auditory processing
16
Q
Tegmentum
A
- ‘Covering’
- Reticular formation – netlike structure of grey and white matter – sleep, arousal, attention, movement
- Periaqueductal grey matter – surrounds cerebral aqueduct – involved in species typical behaviour (behaviour all members of a species does)
- Red nucleus – important for limb movement
- Substantia nigra ‘black substance’ – connect to basal ganglia and are important for initiating movement
17
Q
Pons
A
- Sleep and arousal
- Relays information from cortex to cerebellum
18
Q
Cerebellum
A
- Important for coordination of movement (two hemispheres, lots folding giving it a large surface area with lots of neurons). Contains 80% of the neurons in entire brain
- Integrates visual, auditory and somatosensory information and facilitates output
19
Q
Medulla oblongata
A
- Regulation of cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tonus
