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Human Genetics > Lecture 2: Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is evolution

A

A change in genetic frequency in a population over time

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cell characteristics

A 
No nucleus
Unicellular
One circular DNA molecule (usually)
Small amount of DNA
No membrane bound organelles
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3
Q

Eukaryotic cell characteristics

A 
Nucleus present
Larger (Unicellular or multicellular)
Multiple linear DNA molecules w/histones
Large amount of DNA
Membrane bound organelles present
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4
Q

Virus

A

Neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acids

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5
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Similar but not identical

Each homolog carries same genes, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same

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6
Q

Diploid cells vs haploid cells

A

Two sets of genetic information vs one set

Diploids have two sets of chromosomes organized in homologous pairs

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7
Q

Centromere

A

Attachment point on chromosome for spindle microtubules

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8
Q

Submetacentric centromere

A

Centromere situated so that one set of arms is shorter than the other

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9
Q

Metacentric centromere

A

Centromere in the middle

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10
Q

Telocentric centromere

A

Centromere at the end with no short arm visible

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11
Q

Acrocentric centromere

A

Centromere near the end producing a very short arm

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12
Q

What happens in G1

A

Cell grows, proteins necessary for cell division produced

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13
Q

What happens in G0

A

Non-dividing phase before G1/S checkpoint (cell may or may not have this)

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14
Q

What happens after G1/S checkpoint

A

Cell is committed to dividing

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15
Q

What happens in G2

A

Cell prepares for mitosis

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16
Q

G2/M checkpoint and after?

A

Only passed if DNA is completely replicated and undamaged.

Cell can then divide

17
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
Each chromosome has two sister chromatids
Mitotic spindle forms

18
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear membrane disintegrates

Spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes

19
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

20
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles

21
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles and nuclear membranes reform
Chromosomes decondense

22
Q

Meiosis is

A

The production of haploid gametes

23
Q

Fertilization

A

Fusion of haploid gametes

24
Q

A consequence of meiosis is

A

Genetic variation

25
Q

Tetrad

A

Closely associated four sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes

26
Q

What is the first mechanism that produces genetic variation in newly formed gametes

A

Crossing over

27
Q

What is the second mechanism of generating genetic variation in newly formed gametes

A

Random distribution of chromosomes into newly divided cells during anaphase I

28
Q

Chiasmata is formed

A

During late prophase I, which means crossing over occurs during late prophase I

29
Q

Prophase II

A

Chromosomes recondense

30
Q

Metaphase II

A

Individual chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

31
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids separate

32
Q

T or F: Prophase II occurs in all cells

A

False. It only occurs in cells in which the spindle has broken down, chromosomes relaxed and nuclear envelope reformed

33
Q

Negative result of crossing over

A

Unequal exchange of genetic material producing chromosomes with deleted or duplicated regions

34
Q

Positives of crossing over

A

Essential for normal segregation of chromosomes

Adds additional genetic variation

35
Q

Consequences of meiosis (cells produced, chromosome number, variance, epigenetics)

A

Four cells produced from each original cell
Chromosome number in each new cell is half (haploid)
Newly formed cells are genetically different from one another and from parent cell
Epigenetic modifications are erased and parent specific modifications are added

36
Q

Sporophyte and gametophyte

A

Sporophyte is 2n, undergoes meiosis and becomes a 1n gametophyte (spore)

Human Genetics (13 decks)

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