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Physiology Exam 1 > Lecture 2: Membrane Transport Mechanisms > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Membrane Transport Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following would have to be a transmembrane protein?

A receptor protein
A protein binding to the cytoskeleton
A channel protein
A phosphorylase

A

A channel protein

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2
Q

Which organelle is directly associated with synthesis of proteins for secretion?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

Pits coated with what, are associated with endocytosis?

A

Clathrin

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4
Q

Which process does not require the presence of mitochondria? And what does it do?

A

Glycolysis - breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

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5
Q

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy, other than kinetic energy?

Osmosis
Diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion

A

Active transport

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6
Q

Which ion is most concentrated in the extracellular matrix?

A

Sodium

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7
Q

The Na/K pump is an example of which kind of transport?

A

Primary active transport

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8
Q

The sodium-glucose pump is an example of what kind of transport?

A

Secondary active transport

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9
Q

The sodium-calcium pump is an example of which kind of transport?

A

Secondary active transportation

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10
Q

Glucose transporters employ which type of transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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11
Q

What mechanism will likely be used to move water from an extracellular environment across an epithelial cell layer, into the extracellular matrix on the opposite side of the epithelial cell layer?

A

Sodium channels and sodium ATPase pumps

Water then follows via osmosis

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12
Q

movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration

A

diffusion

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13
Q

what is the difference between diffusion and net diffusion?

A

net diffusion is across a permeable membrane

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14
Q

movement of a solvent from high to low concentration areas, across a semipermeable membrane

A

osmosis

solvent is water

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15
Q

describe how osmotic pressure is built up

A

water mvt across a membrane will cause a build up of water on one side and an increase in pressure on the other side

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16
Q

what does effective osmotic pressure tell us?

A

different things can pass through the same membrane with different amounts of ease

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17
Q

a type of protein that opens a link between the inside and outside cell matrix

A

an integral protein = channel protein

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18
Q

what are the two categories of transport?

A

energy independent
or
dependent

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19
Q

types of energy independent transport

A

diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion

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20
Q

non-gated channels

A

always open

examples: aquaporins, ion channels

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21
Q

gated channels

A

open under specific conditions
ligand gated
voltage gated

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22
Q

type of transport that requires ATP

A

energy dependent

active transport

23
Q

what type of transport is the only means of transportation that is not carrier mediated?

A

simple diffusion

24
Q

what is involved in calculating diffusion?

A

flow rate
permeability
area
concentrations

25
Q

list substances that can diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer

A

oxygen
CO2
nitrogen
alcohols

26
Q

what factors can increase permeability of a substance across a membrane?

A

increase lipid solubility
decrease size of solute
decrease membrane thickness

27
Q

what differentiates facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?

A

facilitated is carrier mediated
requires a uniporter
occurs down an electrochemical gradient

28
Q

the maximum particles that can be carried at one time in facilitated diffusion

A

Vmax

29
Q

is carrier mediated transport stereospecific?

A

yes

different transports are required for different molecules

30
Q

describe the rate of simple diffusion

A

non-gated

flows at a constant rate

31
Q

describe the rate of facilitated diffusion

A

exponential rate that increases towards Vmax

32
Q

movement of particles against a gradient

A

active transport

33
Q

transport that utilizes ATPase as a transporter

A

primary active transport

34
Q

transport that utilizes ATP and multiporters

A

secondary active transport

35
Q

primary active transport

A

energy derived from direct breakdown of ATP

ATPase serves as transporter, up it’s electrochemical gradient

36
Q

secondary active transport

A

one particle is going up it’s gradient and the second is going down it’s gradient
primary creates conc. differences, energy built up from this differences is the power used for secondary
multiporters used

37
Q

types of multiporters

A

symporters - 2 particles in same direction

antiporter - 2 particles in opposite direction

38
Q

what is the most common solute in secondary active transport?

A

sodium

39
Q

if sodium moves down it’s electrochemical gradient, why is this classified as secondary active transport?

A

because the energy given off by it’s mvt down, powers the transport of another particle up it’s gradient

40
Q

if sodium is moving down it’s electrochemical gradient, what direction is it going?

A

from extra- to the intracellular matrix

41
Q

sodium/calcium antiporters move 3 Na for every 1 Ca particle. why does it take 3 Na to move 1 Ca?

A

because sodium is much smaller

calcium is much heavier

42
Q

____ sodium particles are moved for every ____ potassium particles.

A

3 Na per 2 K

43
Q

what is the difference between uniporter and multiporter?

A

uniporters can only transport one particle at a time

44
Q

describe potassium channels

A 
non-gated channels
have carbonyl oxygens that serve as selectivity filters
function to ensure on K+ can get through even though Na is smaller than K
45
Q

how can body compartment volumes be altered?

A

by mvt of water
we have no mechanism to directly move water
so we move Na and water follows it

46
Q

cells in which an action potential can be induced

A

excitable cells

ex. - neurons and muscle cells

47
Q

neurons do not have ____ gated channels in the cell membrane.

A

voltage gated channels

48
Q

dendrites are characterized by the presence of _____ gated channels, and can conduct ____ potentials.

A

ligand gated channels

local potentials

49
Q

the _____ of the axon contains voltage gated channels.

A

axolemma

50
Q

what region of the axon contains synaptic vesicles and mitochondria?

A

terminal boutons in the distal axon telodendria

51
Q

which part of a neuron is capable of developing an action potential?

A

axolemma

52
Q

the carrier proteins of primary active transport are commonly referred to as ?

A

ATPase pumps

53
Q

another term for symporters

A

co-transporters

54
Q

another term for antiporters

A

counter-transporters

Physiology Exam 1 (6 decks)

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