Lecture 1: Homeostasis

Question 1

Which ion(s) is most abundant in the intercellular matrix?

Answer 1

Sodium & Chloride

Question 2

Which ion(s) is most abundant in the intracellular matrix?

Answer 2

Potassium

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Maintanence of near constant/normal internal conditions

Question 4

Parameters for homeostasis

Answer 4

Optimum
Humoral concentrations
Temperature
Partial pressures

Question 5

Any stimuli that causes the loss of homeostasis

Answer 5

Stress

Question 6

Ion(s) most abundant in extracellular fluid?

Answer 6

Cation - Na+

Anion - Cl-

Question 7

Ion(s) most abundant in intracellular fluid?

Answer 7

Cation K+

Question 8

Circulatory system in which information is constantly being sent to a central hub

Answer 8

Feedback system

Question 9

Negative feedback loop

Answer 9

A change in parameters that causes a response in the opposite direction (negative) as the stimulus

The response reverses the change or restores homeostasis

Question 10

Baroreceptors can induce which feedback system type

Answer 10

Negative feedback loop

Question 11

Positive feedback loops

Answer 11

A change in parameter that causes a response in the same direction (positive) as the original stimulus

Response increases the change

Question 12

Cervix dilation during labor is an example of what? And why does it work?

Answer 12

Positive feedback loop

Works because it has a natural end = baby is born

Question 13

Why are positive feedback loops dangerous?

Answer 13

Because they typically have no natural end and can spiral out of control, making them dangerous and unwanted.

Lead to runaway effects

Question 14

An increase in the production of TSH releasing factor results in an increase in the release of thyroid stimulating hormone, which results in the release of more thyroxine, which results in a decrease in the production of TSH releasing factor. What type of feedback system does this represent?

Answer 14

Negative feedback loop

Question 15

Gain

Answer 15

The degree of efficiency to which a controlled system can maintain homeostasis

Question 16

Gain equation and answer

Answer 16

Correction/////error

The answer is always negative

Question 17

Uncontrolled system dif. 100 to 175
controlled system dif. 100 to 125

calculate gain

Answer 17

correction/error   or    uncont./control
175-125
-----------
125-100
=50/25 = (-)2

Question 18

relate cell membrane to unit membrane

Answer 18

all membranes have a common basic structure which is referred to as the ‘unit membrane’

Question 19

what does the unit membrane consist of?

Answer 19

a phospholipid bilayer, with cholesterol inserted among the phospholipids

Question 20

name the types of proteins associated with a cell membrane

Answer 20

peripheral proteins - easily removed, only connected to one side

integral proteins - embedded within membrane and cannot be removed

Question 21

how are peripheral proteins attached to the cell membrane?

Answer 21

GPI anchoring proteins

glycophosphatidylinositol

Question 22

list some functions of the cell membrane

Answer 22

selectivity filter
intra- and extra- matrix composition 
maintaining homeostasis
info exchange
exo/endo cytosis

Question 23

with what functions is clathrin associated?

Answer 23

endocytosis

pits coated with clathrin form vesicles

Question 24

which organelles are associated with digestion within a cell?

Answer 24

lysosomes
contain hydrolytic enzymes at low pH
utilize H+ pump

Question 25

differentiate between primary and secondary lysosomes

Answer 25

primary lysosomes come from the golgi

secondary lysosomes = a primary fused with a phagocytic vesicle

Question 26

the RER is involved with proteins that are…..?

Answer 26

proteins bound for lysosomes or for secretion

Question 27

what types of proteins are synthesized by free ribosomes?

Answer 27

proteins bound for the:
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondria
other cell membranes

Question 28

functions of the golgi apparatus

Answer 28

packaging proteins for secretion
forming lysosomes
modify proteins from RER

Question 29

anaerobic respiration

Answer 29

glycolysis
glucose —> pyruvic acid
occurs in cytoplasm of all cells
does not require oxygen

Question 30

aerobic respiration

Answer 30

kreb’s cycle and ETC
lactate —> ATP, CO2, H2O
occurs in mitochondria
requires oxygen

Question 31

what does aerobic respiration use oxygen for?

Answer 31

as final electron receptor in ETC

Question 32

what energy system produces the greatest amount of ATP?

Answer 32

aerobic respiration

Question 33

the three types of locomotion

Answer 33

ameboid mvt
cilia/flagella
microtubules

Question 34

describe ameboid mvt

Answer 34

rolling blob

used by macrophages and other leukocytes

Question 35

describe cilia/flagella mvt

Answer 35

are projections off of the cell membrane

fingerlike projections are used to move the cell or to move material around cell

Question 36

what is the difference between cilia and flagellum?

Answer 36

flagella - move cell itself, only one we have is sperm

cilia - move material around cell

Question 37

what type of movement is microtubules involved in?

Answer 37

microtubules act as a rail system

allows vesicles to transport material around cell