Lecture 2: Lifestyle and CVD Flashcards
What % of CVD would be prevented by elimination fo modifiable rib factors?
80%
What are the presentations of metabolic syndrome?
Overweight
Abdominal fat distribution
Hypertension
Insulin resistance
Hyperglycemia
According to the EPIC Norfolk study, compared to those eating 5+ a day, how much more likely were others to die from CVD?
1.7x
According to the EPIC Norfolk study, compared to those eating 5+ a day, how much more likely were others to have a stroke?
1.4x
According to US nurse study, how much more likely were those in the top 20% total fat intake to develop CVD?
1.3x
According to US nurse study, how much more likely were those in the top 20% saturated fat intake to develop CVD?
1.5x
According to the EPIC Norfolk study, compared to non-smokers, how much more likely were smokers to die early from CVD?
1.9x
According to the EPIC Norfolk study, compared to non-smokers, how much more likely were smokers to have a stroke?
1.7x
Compared to CHD patients who keep smoking, by what % are quitters less at risk of premature death?
36%
Compared to CHD patients who keep smoking, by what % are quitters less at risk of re-infarct?
32%
According to the EPIC Norfolk study, how many times more likely are inactive people to die from CVD?
1.3x
According to the EPIC Norfolk study, how many times more likely are inactive people to have a stroke?
1.3x
How many times is the CVD risk to those in the lowest 20% income compared to the top 20%?
What is this figure once adjusted for behavioural risk factors?
2.7x
No greater risk
How many times is the acute MI risk to those in the lowest 20% income compared to the top 20%?
What is this figure once adjusted for behavioural risk factors?
- 3x
2. 8x
What are men most likely to cite as the reason for their MI?
Poor diet
Hard work
What are women most likely to cite as the reason for their MI?
Chance or bad luck
What factor are linked to shorter time getting to hospital?
Being male
Being married
Believing that MI has more serious consequences
Active coping style
Using problem-focused coping
More non-pain symptoms (breathlessness, dizziness, etc.)
What are the physical responses to stress?
Fight/flight response
Acute
What are the behavioural responses to stress?
Poor diet, smoking, alcohol, drugs
Chronic
What are the emotional responses to stress?
Anxiety, anger, depression
Chronic
What are the cognitive responses to stress?
Poor concentration
Acute/chronic
What is the problem solving coping response?
Approach
What is the distraction coping response?
Avoidance
What effects may result from chronic stress?
Induction of atherosclerosis
Lowered threshold for arrhythmia
What effects may result from acute stress?
Trigger ischaemia in patients with CHD
Associated with cardiovascular changes
What is a type A personality?
Hard-driving Competitive behaviour Vigorous speech characteristics Impatience
Potential for hostility
By what % is depression increased post-MI?
Up to 30%
By what % are anxiety symptoms increased post-MI?
40%
By what % is PTSD increased post-MI?
15%
What is the link between depression and MI?
2-3 x more common after MI than at other times in life
More severe following earlier or more severe cardiac events
Independent predictor of premature death in CHD patients
Associated with poorer adherence to medication or lifestyle modification post MI
What % of people change to healthier diet after an MI?
How many maintain these changes after 1 year?
65%
Around half
What % of people quit smoking after an MI?
How many maintain this after 1 year?
60%
Around half
What % of people reduce sexual activity after an MI?
60%
What % of people cease sexual activity after an MI?
5%
What factors make people less likely to attend cardiac rehabilitation?
No chest pain
Lower income
Living alone
Perceive health professionals to downplay importance of exercise
Believe medication is more important for promoting health
