Lecture 2 - Kinematic Foundation Flashcards
Frontal Plane:
from the front; splits the body vertically into front and back halves of equal mass (also called the coronal plane)
Sagittal Plane:
from the side; divides the body vertically into left and right halves (also called the anteroposterior (AP) plane)
Horizontal/transverse:
from above;separates the body into top and bottom halves
What is point called where all the planes intersect
centre of gravity
Superior/cranial:
closer to the head
Inferior/caudal:
farther away from the head
Anterior/ventral:
Anterior/ventral: toward the front of the body
Posterior/dorsal:
toward the back of the body
Medial:
Medial: toward the midline of the body
Lateral:
away from the midline of the body
Proximal:
closer in proximity to the trunk (the knee is proximal to the ankle)
Distal:
at a distance from the trunk (the wrist is distal to the elbow)
Superficial:
toward the surface of the body
Deep:
inside the body and away from the body surface
Sagittal Plane Movements:
Flexion/extension
Hyperextension
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Flexion:
anteriorly directed sagittal plane rotations of the head, trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand, and hip, and posteriorly directed sagittal plane rotation of the lower leg
Extension:
the movement that returns a body segment to anatomical position from a position of flexion
Hyperextension:
the rotation beyond anatomical position in the direction opposite the direction of flexion
Dorsiflexion:
motion bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg
Plantar flexion:
motion bringing the top of the foot away from the lower leg
Frontal Plane Movements
Abduction/ Adduction
Right/left lateral flexion
Elevation/depression
Radial deviation
Ulnar deviation
Eversion
Inversion
Abduction:
moves a body segment away from the midline of the body
Adduction:
moves a body segment closer to the midline of the body
Right/left lateral flexion
sideways rotation of the trunk
Elevation/depression:
of the shoulder
Radial deviation:
rotation of the hand at the wrist in the frontal plane toward the radius (thumb side)
Ulnar deviation:
hand rotation toward the ulna (little finger side)
Eversion:
outward rotation of the foot
Inversion:
inward rotation of the foot
Transverse Plane Movements
Rotational movements about a longitudinal axis
Left/right rotation
Medial rotation/internal rotation
Lateral rotation
Supination
Pronation
Horizontal abduction/extension
Horizontal adduction/flexion
Left/right rotation
used to describe transverse plane movements of the head, neck, and trunk
Medial rotation/internal rotation
rotation of an arm or leg as a unit in the transverse
plane
Lateral rotation
when the rotation is away from the midline of the body
Supination
outward rotation of the forearm
Pronation
inward rotation of the forearm
Horizontal abduction/extension
movement of body segments in the transverse plane
(arm or thigh) from an anterior position to a lateral position
Horizontal adduction/flexion
movement in the transverse plane from a lateral to an
anterior position
Joint Posture Terms
Flexed, extended
Abducted, adducted
Plantar flexed
Frontal Axis:
imaginary line passing through the body from side to side and around which sagittal plane rotations occur (perpendicular to the sagittal plane; mediolateral)
Sagittal axis:
axis: imaginary line passing from front to back through the body and around which frontal plane rotations occur (anteroposterior)
Longitudinal axis:
imaginary line passing from top to bottom through the body around which transverse plane rotations occur
Translation:
movement from one place to another where all points move through the same distance in the same orientation
Linear motion
Curvilinear motion
Rotation:
angular motion about an axis, all points move through the same angle
General motion:
combination of translation and rotation
Most common
Like a football being thrown
Kinematic Analysis of Human Movement Requires:
knowledge of the specific biomechanical purpose of the movement
the ability to detect the causes of errors through movement patterns
Does Kinematic Analysis of Human Movement include the ultimate cause of movement (force/kinetics)
No
Kinematic Analysis of Human Movement can be qualitative or quantitative. True or False
True
Performing a Kinematic Analysis involves:
- Identify question/problem
- Think about the viewing angle and viewing distance
Viewing angle:
name of view, plane observed, major joint angles observed
Viewing distance:
trade off (resolution vs. field of view - if you want to see everything, you need a greater field of view, however the resolution might be worse as opposed to being close to the camera)
When is Kinematic Analysis Useful?
When performance outcome is as a result of a changed movement pattern
Analysts can distinguish the cause of a problem from symptoms of the problem or an unrelated movement idiosyncrasy (abnormality)
Tools for Measuring Kinematic Quantities
Cinematography & videography
Other motion capture systems
Other assessment tools
Cinematography & videography involves:
➢Standard video 30 pictures for second (frame rate is important depending on the type of motion you are trying to capture)
➢ Higher rates available
➢ Clarity of images
➢ Make sure you have the right number of cameras to capture info needed (for
different planes of view)
➢ Computer-linked equipment (digitizing)
Other motion capture systems involve:
➢ Real-time tracking of LEDs
➢ Computer-linked cameras track targets
Other assessment tools includes
➢ Goniometer or electrogoniometer
➢ Photocells, light beams, and timers
➢ Accelerometer
