Chapter 2 pg. 27-49 Flashcards
General motion:
a complex combination of linear and angular motion components;
involving translation and rotation simultaneously (the most common form of movement rather than just linear or angular alone)
Linear motion:
involves uniform motion of the system of interest, with all system parts moving in the same direction at the same speed, also referred to as translation
Rectilinear:
along a straight line
Curvilinear:
along a curved line
Angular motion:
involving rotation around a central line or point (known as the axis of rotation);
portions of the body in motion are constantly moving relative to other portions of the body;
a gymnast circling around a bar, or a springboard diver somersaults - also known as rotation
Axis of Rotation:
an imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of rotation and passing through the center of rotation
Mechanical System:
an object or group of objects chosen by the analyst for study
Anatomical Reference Position:
an erect standing position with all body parts,
including the palms of the hands, facing forward;
this is considered the starting position for body segment movements;
feet are slightly separated
arms are hanging relaxed at the sides (not a natural standing position;
all body segments are considered to be positioned at zero degrees)
Superior/cranial:
closer to the head
Inferior/caudal:
farther away from the head
Anterior/ventral:
toward the front of the body
Posterior/dorsal:
toward the back of the body
Medial:
toward the midline of the body
Lateral:
away from the midline of the body
Proximal:
closer in proximity to the trunk (the knee is proximal to the ankle)
Distal:
at a distance from the trunk (the wrist is distal to the elbow)
Superficial:
toward the surface of the body
Deep:
inside the body and away from the body surface
Cardinal planes:
bisect the mass of the body in three dimensions (a plane is a two-dimensional surface with an orientation defined by the spatial coordinates of three discrete points not all contained in the same line; an imaginary flat surface)
Sagittal plane:
divides the body vertically into left and right halves (also called the anteroposterior (AP) plane)
Frontal plane:
splits the body vertically into front and back halves of equal mass (also called the coronal plane)
Transverse plane:
separates the body into top and bottom halves
Center of Gravity:
where all of these planes intersect
Frontal Axis:
imaginary line passing through the body from side to side and around which sagittal plane rotations occur (perpendicular to the sagittal plane)
Sagittal axis:
axis: imaginary line passing from front to back through the body and around which frontal plane rotations occur
Longitudinal axis:
axis: imaginary line passing from top to bottom through the body around which transverse plane rotations occur
- all of these axes are associated with the perpendicular plane
Flexion:
anteriorly directed sagittal plane rotations of the head, trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand, and hip, and posteriorly directed sagittal plane rotation of the lower leg
Extension:
the movement that returns a body segment to anatomical position from a position of flexion
Hyperextension:
the rotation beyond anatomical position in the direction opposite the direction of flexion
Dorsiflexion:
motion bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg
Plantar flexion:
motion bringing the top of the foot away from the lower leg
Abduction:
moves a body segment away from the midline of the body
Adduction:
moves a body segment closer to the midline of the body
Right/left lateral flexion:
sideways rotation of the trunk
Elevation/depression:
of the shoulder
Radial deviation:
rotation of the hand at the wrist in the frontal plane toward the radius (thumb side)
Eversion:
outward rotation of the foot
Inversion:
inward rotation of the foot
Pronation:
combines eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion (occurs at subtalar joint near ankle)
Supination:
combines inversion, adduction, and plantarflexion (occurs at subtalar joint near ankle)
Transverse Plane Movements:
Rotational movements about a longitudinal axis
Left/right rotation:
used to describe transverse plane movements of the head, neck, and trunk
Medial rotation/internal rotation:
rotation of an arm or leg as a unit in the
transverse plane
Lateral rotation:
when the rotation is away from the midline of the body
Supination:
outward rotation of the forearm
Pronation:
inward rotation of the forearm
Horizontal abduction/extension:
movement of body segments in the transverse
plane (arm or thigh) from an anterior position to a lateral position
Horizontal adduction/flexion:
movement in the transverse plane from a lateral to an
anterior position
Circumduction:
general motion involving circular movement of a body segment
(combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction)
Cartesian coordinate system:
used to standardize measurements taken after
quantitatively describing the movement of living organisms
