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Cardio > Lecture 2: Intro > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Starting from RA, list sequential order in which RBC would flow through to return to right atrium

A 
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

Left atrium
Mitral/bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve

Aorta
Vena cava
Right atrium

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2
Q

What are the important directional definitions of arteries vs. veins?

A

Artery = blood carried away from heart

Vein = blood carried toward heart

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3
Q

How do pulmonary and systemic circulation relate?

A

Flow is the same

CO = PBF

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4
Q

What is the approximate blood flow @steady state?

A

CO = PBF = 5-6 L/min

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5
Q

What is an equation relating cardiac output and stroke volume?

A

CO = HR * SV

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6
Q

What is normal sinus rhythm?

A

60 - 100 beats/min

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7
Q

What does P wave represent?

QRS complex?

T wave?

A

P wave = atrial depolarization
(Activation of atria)

QRS = ventricle depolarization

T wave = ventricle repolarization
(Electrical recovery of ventricles)

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8
Q

What are the AV valves?

A

Tricuspid valve

Mitral valve

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9
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonic valve

Aortic valve

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10
Q

What valves are closing during S1 and S2?

A

S1 = AV valve closure
(Tricuspid and mitral)

S2 = semilunar valve closure
(Pulmonic and aortic)

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11
Q

What arteries originate in aortic sinuses of aortic valve?

A

Right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

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12
Q

Describe the coronary sinus

A

Collects majority of blood from coronary veins

Drains directly into RA

Blood has lower [O2] vs. venous blood from other organs

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13
Q

What are the conduit/feed vessels?

Their function?

A

Small arteries

Deliver blood to an organ

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14
Q

What are the resistance vessels?

Their function?

A

Arterioles

Constrict/dilate in response to SM in media to control distribution of blood flow to different organs

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15
Q

What are the capacitance vessels?

Their function?

A

Venules and veins

Adjustable reservoir for blood - contraction/relaxation of SM in media will change storage capacity

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16
Q

Which pressure gradient drives blood flow (Q)?

A

Delta P = P1 - P2

Pressure going into vessel, pressure coming out
(Driving pressure, downstream pressure)

17
Q

In the systemic circulation, what is the driving pressure? Downstream pressure?

A

Driving pressure = AoP

Downstream pressure = RAP

18
Q

What is the general resistance equation, as applied to the systemic circulation?

A

(AoP - RAP) = CO * SVR

19
Q

In pulmonary circulation, what is the driving pressure? Downstream pressure?

A

Driving pressure = PAP

Downstream pressure = LAP

20
Q

What is the blood flow in pulmonary circulation?

A

PBF = CO

Q = flow = PBF = CO

21
Q

What is the general resistance equation as applied to pulmonary circulation?

A

(PAP - LAP) = CO * PVR

22
Q

What is the Fick Principle an application of?

A

Application of the Law of Conservation of Mass

Conservation of O2

23
Q

What is the equation for the Fick principle as a measurement of cardiac output?

A

CO = V*O2 / (CaO2 - CvO2)

V*O2 = oxygen entering body during respiration (ml/min)

CaO2 = any systemic artery

CvO2 = pulmonary artery

24
Q

What is the continuity equation?

A

Q = vA

Or, rearranged: v = Q/A

25
Q

Describe transmural pressure gradients

A

Can push fluid out of capillaries (across wall)

Determinant of volume of blood contained in a blood vessel

26
Q

What is the equation for transmural pressure gradient?

A

Delta P = Pi - Po

27
Q

What is the equation for capacitance?

A

Capacitance = V / (Pi - Po)

28
Q

What is the equation for compliance?

A

Compliance = delta V / delta P

Where delta = change, not gradient

29
Q

How do capacitance and compliance relate?

A

Capacitance and compliance are generally proportional and inversely related to stiffness

Higher capacitance/compliance = less stiffness
(Likes veins and venules, which store a lot of blood)

Lower capacitance/compliance = more stiffness

Cardio (8 decks)

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