Lecture 2: Intellectual Revolution That Defined Society Flashcards
What are the four eras of history?
- Pre-history
- Ancient times
- Medieval ages
- Modern era
When did the modern era started?
When wide conquest of the Americans took place — started liberal revolutions
What is the systemic body of knowledge where systematic way of thinking started?
Science
This became the standard basis of human knowledge
Scientific revolution
What was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period?
Scientific revolution
When and Where did science revolution began?
Toward the end of the renaissance period (1543) in Europe
What did scientific revolution influence?
Enlightenment
Enlightenment, also known as ____________
Social movement
What was the traditional way of thinking?
Aristotelian tradition
Who was the polish astronomer who contradicted the geocentric model and proposed the heliocentric theory?
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
What model states that the earth is the center of the universe/everything?
Geocentric model
Another term for geocentric model
Ptolemaic model
When was the geocentric model introduced by Ptolemy?
6th century
What was the book that Copernicus wrote that led to the acceptance of the heliocentric theory?
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
When was the book of Copernicus released? Who released it?
1543; Copernicus’ students
The change of belief from geocentric to heliocentric happened through the contributions of:
- Tycho Brahe’s observation of the sun Cassiopeia
- Johannes Kepler’s statement that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun is the center
- Galileo Galilei’s development of the telescope and observation of planet Venus
- Isaac Newton’s law of gravity
What was the book of Newton that contains the explanation of the law of gravity?
Principia
Who discredited the law of gravity?
Albert Einstein
What law did Albert Einstein proposed?
Law of relativity
What is the law of relativity?
Pertains about the existence of things
Where was the term ‘scientific method’ coined from?
Copernician revolution
What is the process of establishing facts through testing and experimentation?
Scientific method
Who are the two people who are notable in the field of scientific method?
- Frenchman Rene Descartes - Reasoning is needed before we regard something as true/fact
- Englishman Francis Bacon - Experimentation and Observation is needed before we regard something as true/fact
Who said that “The birth of science was the death of superstition”?
Thomas Huxley
Who is the English naturalist who theorized about the concepts of evolutionary biology?
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
When did Charles Robert Darwin have remarkable investigations and insights about the concepts of evolutionary biology?
During his voyage on the HMS Beagle (1831-1836)
Books of Charles Robert Darwin?
- Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
- The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871)
Two main points of Darwinian Revolution
- All life on Earth is connected and related to each other
- The diversity of life came about because of the modification that were driven by natural selection
What refers to the survival of the fittest concepts — By generations we have survival instinct?
Natural Selection
What pertains to whatever characteristics that has been passed by the previous generation, used to survive certain phenomenon?
Survival instinct
Who is the Australian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
What is psychoanalysis?
The brain can be divided into certain compartments depending on its functions in human life
What did Sigmund Freud develop?
An observational method to study human’s inner life (personality) that mainly focuses on sexuality and evil nature of man
Who was the mentor of Sigmund Freud?
Joseph Breur
What is the talking cure?
Hypnosis/Hysteria
What led to the creation of the new method, Free association?
The realization of Freud that hypnosis is not effective
What is Free association?
They allow patients to just talk in conscious state
What was Sigmund Freud’s first book?
Studien uber Hysterie (Studies in Hysteria) - 1895
What was Sigmund Freud’s 2nd book?
The Interpretation of Dreams - 1900
What refers to the obvious sight and sounds that seems real in human dreams?
Manifest content
What refers to the hidden meaning behind that dream?
Latent content
What is Sigmund Freud’s 3rd book?
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life - 1901
Freudian Slips was coined from:
Sigmund Freud’s 3rd book
What are Freud theories that forgetfulness or slip of the tongue of a human is not accidental?
Freudian slips
What states that there is a meaning behind the slip of the tongue that caused human to reveal something meaningful about the person?
Dynamic unconsciousness
How did Freud describe the human personality?
He described it as ice glaciers which means not everything we portray or see is our only existing personality
What is the animal instinct of man or the primitive part of a person mainly driven by animal instincts such as sexuality and survival?
ID
The self-part of the personality that we regard ourselves as we live around our nature
EGO
The morality of a person. It created the ethical/moral standards of a person
SUPER EGO
What are the four cradles of early science?
- Mesoamerica
- Asia
- Middle East
- Africa
What is the culture that appeared along the Southwestern curve of the Gulf of Mexico?
Mesoamerica
What do you call the founding culture of Mesoamerica?
Rubber people
Rubber people lasted from _______-_______ BCE
1400 - 100
What is the founding aspect of a civilization?
Water
How did the Mayans organized themselves?
Into small city-states instead of one big empire
What is included in one of the sophisticated writings that Mayans developed?
Pictographs and symbols for syllables
What are the 3 kinds of calendars that the Mayans devised?
- Calendar for solar year (365 days)
- Calendar for ritual year (260 days)
- Long count calendar (started in August 13, 3114 BCE)
What did the Mayans use as currency?
Cocoa beans
When was the prediction of the Mayans for the end of the world because it is the end of the Mayan calendar?
December 31, 2012
Who introduced the concept ‘zero’?
The Mayans
A great military force
Aztecs
What are small rectangular fertile land that are on shallow lake beds to grow crops?
Chinampa
A mayan ball game
Tlachtli (Used of rubber)
What is used for bookkeeping and considered as one of our earliest calculators aside from the abacus?
Quipos/Quipus
What is the labor service that worked on road and bridge construction, cultivation of corn and textile production?
Mita system
What is one of the earliest sited with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia?
Mehrgarh
What is referred as the Early Harappan Phase?
Indus Valley Civilization
When was the Early Harappan Phase?
3300 - 2600 BCE
2600 BCE marks what?
Mature Harappan Phase
When was early evidences for Chinese millet agriculture dated?
Around 7000 BCE
Where was the earliest evidence of cultivated rice found?
Chengtoushan, near the Yangtze River
What gave rise to the Jiahu culture (7000 - 5800 BCE)?
Neolithic revolution
Excavation of a Peiligang culture site
Xinzheng county, Henan
Earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the ___________________
Majiayao culture site (3100 - 2700 BCE)
When did the Chinese civilization began?
During the second phase of the Erlitou period (1900 - 1500 BCE)
What is considered as the first state level society of East Asia?
Erlitou
The earliest traditional Chinese dynasty
Shang dynasty (1600 - 1046 BCE)
What was the earliest known body of Chinese writing that the Shang sites yielded?
oracle bone script
What was the capital of the empire Abbasids?
Baghdad (major cultural center)
Where was Baghdad established?
Tigris River
When was the emergence of a new dynasty called Abbasids?
8th century
Who is the earliest and most distinguished Arabic mathematician?
Abu Ja’far Mohammed Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi
What does Abu Ja’far Mohammed Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi translates to?
Abu Ja’far - Father of Ja’far
Mohammed Ibn Musa - Son of Moses
From the native town of Al-Khwarizmi
Al-Khwarizmi wrote a book that described how to write numbers and compute them using the place-value decimal system we use today called _____________
Hindu-Arabic system
What refers to the process of computing with the Hindu-Arabic numerals?
Algorism
What was Al-Khwarizmi manuscript that translates to “restoration and compensation”?
Kitab al jabr w’al-muqabala
