Lecture 1: Historical Antecedents 1 Flashcards
What belongs to a very distant past and does not longer exist?
Ancient
What was Iraq called during the Mesopotamian period?
Sumer
When did Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with extremely thorough numerical data?
Around 3000 BC
When was the Pythagoras’ theorem or law recorded?
18th century
Where is the Pythagoras’ theorem or law written?
Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet
It is a mathematical law that states that the sum of squares of the lengths of the two short sides of the right triangle is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse.
Pythagoras’ theorem or law
What is the system of writing in the Mesopotamian period?
Cuneiform
This is the science that leads itself to the recording and study of observation.
Astronomy
What are the significant advances in ancient Egypt?
Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
This is any triangle whose side are in ratio of 3 is to 4 is to 5 is a right triangle.
3-4-5 right triangle
Serve to represent rectilinear structures including post and lintel architecture
Rules of thumb
This is a building system wherein strong horizontal elements are help up by strong vertical elements with large spaces between them.
Post and Lintel Architecture
Where was the center of alchemical research?
Egypt
Making something extraordinary from an ordinary
Alchemy
This is the phonetic writing system and it has served as the basis of Egyptian Phoenician Alphabet from which some alphabets were derived
Egyptian hieroglyphs
The City of _____________ retained preeminence with its library
Alexandria
What damaged the library of the City of Alexandria?
Fire
When was the library of the City of Alexandria completely destroyed after it fell under the Roman rule?
642
One of the first medical documents that is still existing and might be seen as the very beginning of the modern neuroscience.
Edwin Smith papyrus
When was the Sassanid period?
226-652 AD
One of the Sassanian centers of education.
Academy of Gundishapur
The Academy of Gundishapur is also known as:
Gondishapur University
What is the intellectual center of the Sassanian Empire?
The Academy of Gundishapur
These were designed to facilitate calculations of the planetary motions or positions, lunar phases, eclipses, calendrical information.
Astronomical tables
What is the official language of Christians as well as Iranian Nestorians?
Syriac
Knowledge came to Persia from the West in the form of what?
Views and traditions of Greece, accompanied by Syriac
Christian schools in Iran have produced great scientists such as:
Nersi, Farhad, and Marabai
Who is the head of the Iranian Department of Logic and Philosophy of Aristotle.
Paulus Persa
The book written by Paulus Persa was written in ________ and dictated to Sassanid king ____________.
Syriac; Anushiravan
During the middle ages, Persia becomes what?
A stronghold or center of Islamic science
Plato found the Academy in
385 BC
Who began the “scientific revolution” of the Hellenistic period culminating in the 3rd to 2nd centuries.
Aristotle
A period that covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great and the emergence of the Roman Empire
Hellenistic period
When is the death of Alexander the Great?
323 BC
The period of cultural history between 8th century and 6th century AD.
Classical Antiquity or Classical Era
Where is the Classical Era centered?
Mediterranean
During what era did knowledge came to Persia?
Mid-Sassanid Era
Abstract investigations were known as __________________.
Natural philosophy
Where were evidences of the use of “practical mathematics” found?
India
What civilization manufactured bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1?
Harappa Civilization
Another term for the Harappa Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization
Who demonstrated the knowledge of basic geography?
People of the Indus Valley Civilization
What ruler did the inhabitants of Indu Civilization design?
Mohenjo-dajo ruler
What is the Mohenjo-daro ruler’s unit of length?
Approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 cm. It was divided into 10 parts
Who introduced the concept of ‘anu’ which he defined as the matter which cannot be subdivided?
Kanada
Alchemy was popular where?
India
Who is known as the Father of Atomic Theory?
Kanada
When and where was the first recorded observations of solar eclipses and supernova made?
July 4, 1054 in China
A Chinese astronomer observed a guest star, a supernova, the remnant of which is now called ____________
Crab Nebula
What are the Top 10 Medicinal Plants in the Philippines?
Bayabas
Akapulko
Niyug-niyugan
Tsaang gubat
Ampalaya
Yerba Buena
Lagundi
Ulasimang bato/Pansit-pansitan
Bawang
Sambong
What were some of the earliest inventions in China?
Abacus, public toilet, and shadow clock
Who noted the “Four Great Inventions” that was later known in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages?
Joseph Needham
When was the Tang dynasty?
600 AD - 906 AD
What dynasty was known as a time of great innovation, good deal of exchange between Western and Chinese discoveries?
Tang dynasty
Who often described the Medieval Ages to be dark due to lack of scientific and cultural advancement?
Francesco Petrarca
Who was the Italian scholar of the 14th century who coined the term ‘dark ages’?
Francesco Petrarca
What was the medieval period of European in the fall of Roman Empire and the beginning of the renaissance?
Dark Ages
What does ‘Dark Ages’ mean?
There are few written records remaining from that era
During what period was the Islamic at its cultural peak?
High medieval period
What did modern scholars regard as the true centers of knowledge?
Golden Age of Islam and the enlightenment of the Byzantine Empire
Why is the term ‘dark ages’ now rarely used by historians?
Because of the value judgment it implies
When was the Early Medieval period?
500-1000 AD
Sea warriors who journeys far from home are called _______________
Norse sailors-
The means to devote oneself fully to spiritual works is called _______________
Monastic study
What did the rulers and church leaders realize during the 9th century?
Education was the key to maintaining unity and peace
What was known as the Carolingian Renaissance?
Middle Ages
Charles the Great was also known as _______________
Charlemagne
Who tried to reestablish knowledge as a cornerstone of medieval society?
Charles the Great
Charlemagne is often depicted as:
Golden Hero of the Church
What did the Muslims translate during the High Middle Ages?
Ancient Greek texts into Arabic
Who is included in the many scholars that learned Arabic so that they can complete their task of translating the books from Arabic to Latin?
Gerard of Cremona (1114-1187)
StudiumGenerale
One of the centers of knowledge
Who were the Fathers of Scholasticism and Scientific Method?
Aquinas and Grosseteste
Who strived to integrate Aristotelian philosophy with the teachings and principles of Christianity?
Thomas Aquinas
Who was one of the contributors to the scientific method, founded the Oxford Franciscan School, and began to promote the dualistic scientific method first proposed by Aristotle?
Robert Grosseteste
Who took the work of Grosseteste, Aristotle, and the Islamic alchemists in which he used to propose the idea of induction s the cornerstone of empiricism?
Roger Bacon
A medieval school of philosophy, or a method of learning taught by the academics of medieval universities and cathedrals in the pyramid
Scholasticism
What is the destroyer of medieval society and scholasticism?
Black death
What is Black Death?
A devastating global epidemic in Europe and Asia
What is the cause of Black Death?
The bacteria called Yersinia pestis, usually spread by fleas
