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BIOL321 > Lecture 2: Innate Immunity and Complement > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Innate Immunity and Complement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main aims of innate immunity?

A
  • Eliminate Pathogens

- Initiate adaptive immune response

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2
Q

What are examples of chemical barriers in the innate immune system?

A
  • Low stomach pH
  • Anti-microbial peptides in skin and in saliva
  • Enzymes in secretions
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3
Q

What do defensins and cathelicidin do?

A

Disrupt bacterial membranes

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4
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Cleaves peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall

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5
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Is the uptake of particulate materials (e.g. pathogens, dead cells) by a cell.

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6
Q

What are types of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cels

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7
Q

What are the functions of phagocytes in immunity?

A
  • They kill pathogens and take up cell debris
  • They detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and secrete cytokines
  • They present pathogen-derived antigens on their surface (as antigen presenting cells) to activate B and T cells
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8
Q

What is a pattern recognition receptor?

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are receptors on and in our cells that recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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9
Q

What are the 4 main families of PRRs?

A
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
  • C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
  • Intracellular nucleic acid receptors
  • Nucleotide oligomerization domain/leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs)
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10
Q

Which cells have intracellular PRRs?

A

Most

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11
Q

Which cells have extracellular PRRs?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Natural killer cells
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12
Q

What are the 2 domains in toll like receptors?

A

Exterior and TIR

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13
Q

What is in the exterior domain of toll like receptors?

A

Leucine-rich repeats

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14
Q

What is the role of leucine-rich repeats in the toll-like receptor?

A

Ligand recognition

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15
Q

What is the role of the TIR domain in toll-like receptors?

A

Signalling

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16
Q

What are the two types of intracellular RNA receptors?

A

MDA5 and RIG-I

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17
Q

What does MDA5 detect?

A

Long double-stranded RNA

18
Q

What does RIG-I detect?

A

Short dsRNA and RNA with a tri-phosphate at its 5’ end

19
Q

PRR signalling activates transcription factors that then switch on many different genes, leading to the secretion of what?

A 
Cytokines 
Interferons 
Chemokines
Antimicrobial peptides 
Enzymes
20
Q

What is the end response when PAMP of bacteria or tissue damage is detected?

A

Inflammation

21
Q

What is the end response when PAMP of virus or intracellular bacteria is detected?

A

Interferon response

22
Q

Name 4 anti-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-6
TNF-a
IL-1
IL-8

23
Q

Name a pro-inflammatory cytokine

A

IL-10

24
Q

What do natural killer inhibitory receptors detect?

A

Self molecules such as MHC.

25
Q

What do natural killer activating receptors detect?

A

Altered self

26
Q

What is the complement system?

A

A group of serum proteins in the blood that performs a critical defence against pathogens, especially extracellular bacteria

27
Q

How many proteins are in the complement system?

A

About 35

28
Q

Where are most complement proteins made?

A

The liver

29
Q

What are the 7 functional categories of complement proteins?

A 
Initiators
Enzymes 
Opsonins
Anaphylatoxins
Membrane attack proteins
Complement receptors 
Regulatory proteins
30
Q

What do initiators do, in terms of complement protein function?

A

Bind pathogens components/ antibodies

31
Q

What do enzymes do, in terms of complement protein function?

A

Convertases

32
Q

What do opsonins do, in terms of complement protein function?

A

Promote phagocytosis

33
Q

What do anaphylatoxins do, in terms of complement protein function?

A

Cause inflammation

34
Q

What do membrane attack proteins do, in terms of complement protein function?

A

Lyse pathogens

35
Q

What do complement receptors do, in terms of complement protein function?

A

These are on phagocytes or neutrophils

36
Q

What do regulatory proteins do, in terms of complement protein function?

A

Limit complement activation

37
Q

What are the three pathways of complement activation?

A

Classical
Lectin
Alternative

38
Q

What is the classical pathway initiated by?

A

IgG and IgM

39
Q

What is the lectin pathway initiated by?

A

Lectins that bind of carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens

40
Q

What ate the 3 effector functions of complement?

A

Membrane attack complex to form pores in the pathogen membranes
Opsonins to promote phagocytosis
Anaphylatoxins to promote inflammation

41
Q

A constant interplay between the innate and adaptive system is which cell?

A

Dendritic

42
Q

Why do we need innate immunity?

A

Fast response against bacteria

Help initiate adaptive responses

BIOL321 (3 decks)

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