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HSS 1100 > Lecture 2 - Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Immunity Flashcards

No specific type of vaccines, just the methods of vaccination

1
Q

Immunity

A
  • The protection against infectious disease conferred either by the immune response generated by immunization or previous infection or by other nonimmunologic factors
  • body’s ability to resist infection
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2
Q

Two Types of Immunity

A
  • Non Specific (Innate)

- Specific (adaptive/acquired)

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3
Q

Innate Immunity:

Skin

A 
- Mechanical barrier
Effective because: 
- Largest 
- Skin is selectively permeable 
- Reproduces constantly 
- Produces sebum
- pH of skin is acidic
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4
Q

Innate Immunity:

Mucous Membranes

A
  • Cilia in respiratory tract
  • pH of the stomach
  • Lysosomes in tears
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5
Q

Innate Immunity:

Iron Binding Proteins

A
  • Some bacteria require iron for growth
  • Lacoferrin (example)
  • You then starve the bacteria from iron
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6
Q

Innate Immunity:

Phagocytosis

A
  • PMS, monocytes, and macrophages

- Act as a vacuum cleaner

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7
Q

Innate Immunity:

Complement (two things they do)

A
  • Set of circulating proteins that do two main things:
    1. Able to bind to antibodies, make the bacteria more opsonized for the immune system
    2. Recognize certain sugars on the cell wall of bacteria, and form a pore, insides of bacteria leaks out and the bacteria dies.
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8
Q

Specific Immunity:

Two Subcategories

A
  • Humoral

- Cell Mediated (CMI)

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9
Q

Specific Immunity:

Humoral

A
  • Antibody
  • Antigen
  • Circulating antibodies in the blood
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10
Q

Opsonization

A

When complement binds to antibodies and makes the bacteria more appealing for the immune system

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11
Q

DIfference between Innate and Adaptive Immunity?

A

– Innate: protects against ANY invader, does not discriminate
– Adaptive: directed against one type of invader, dependant on past exposure

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12
Q

Where do immune cells come form?

A
  • Bone marrow
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13
Q

B-cells

A
  • Make antibodies
  • After a signal is sent from T helper two cells
  • 1 B-Ceel, one type of bacteria
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14
Q

Antibody

A
  • Protein that binds specification to a substance (antigen)
  • IGs
  • Produced by B-cells upon stimulation from antigen presenting T-cells
  • Recognize toxins, capsules, some viral proteins
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15
Q

Antigen

A
  • Non self

- Protein, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, polysaccaride

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16
Q

Structures that can be antigenic in a bacteria?

A
  • Something on the outside
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17
Q

Antibody Binding

A
  • Arm can bind to antigen
  • On arm could bind to one antigen on one cell, and another on another cells
  • This starts clumping the antigens
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18
Q

Antibody composition

A
  • Y part (where binding occurs)

- Bottom part (consistent)

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19
Q

Clumping

A
  • Glutamate

- Means there is a positive reactions

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20
Q

Antobody

A
  • Ig produced in response to stimulation by antigen and reacting specifically with it
  • Distinguish “non self” from “Self”
  • Constant and variable region
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21
Q

Classes of IG

A
  • IgG
  • IgD
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgE
22
Q

IgG

A
  • Host defines

- Crosses the placenta and protects the new born

23
Q

IgD

A
  • Role is unknown
24
Q

IgA

A
  • host defence
  • Found in secretions (tears saliva, milk ext
  • Dimer
25
IgM
- Host defence - Early immune response - Pentamer
26
IgE
- Allergies (hypersensitivity) | - Defends against parasites
27
1st Immune Response
- Ab production triggered on first antigen introduction - Latent period of several days - Circulating antibody detectable after 5-10 days - Antibody in serum is maximum at 21 days (titer), then starts to drop to low levels
28
2nd Immune Response
- Basis for Immunization - Occurs when Ag (NOT Ab) is introduced 2nd, 3rd, 4th time - Lag, rapid Ab increase (2-3 days) - Slow decrease - Booster injection maximize Ab levels
29
Antibody Detection: | Serology Reaction
- Detects presence of Ab in serum sample - Antigen and antibody interact (agglutination) - Antibody titration - Detect unknown microorganisms using known antisera
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Agglutination
When an antigen and antibody interact
31
CMI: | T-Cells
- NOT antibodies - Helper, suppressive, cytotoxic (killer) generated from memory T- cells - Exposure to antigen induces response form trained T-cells
32
CMI:
Essential for defence against intracellular organism, parasites, tumours, and other foreign cells
33
Disorders of Immunity: | Allergy and Hypersensitivity
- Over reaction to antigens in absence of true infection | - Anaphylaxis
34
Disorders of Immunity: | Auto-immune disease
- Immune system reacts to its own "self" antigens - "auto antibodies" - Type I diabetes, MS, Lupus
35
Disorders of Immunity: | Immunodeficiency states
- Inability to produce antibodies and more disfunction CMI - Congenital, disease, AIDS - HIV destroys T helper cells
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Disorders of Immunity: | Graft rejection
- NORMAL immune reaction to non self | - Controlled by immune suppressive medication
37
Immunization
- Passive Immunization | - Active Immunization
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Passive Immunization
– administration of pre-formed antibody against a specific microbial agent – IgG animal origin: short lived, risk of hypersensitivity reaction – IgG human origin: short lived, no risk of reaction – Gamma globulin (IgG): pooled from large grouped of blood donors and has antibodies to many common infections – Hyperimmune globulins (IgG): specific for a particular microbe
39
Active Immunization:
Stimulates immune system by administration of antigen. | LONGER LASTING
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Active Immunization: | Live Attenuated Vaccines
– Sub-clinical or mild illness mimicking the disease – Local (IgA) and humoral (IgG) immunity – Rapid immunity development – Serious illness in immuno-compromised individuals
41
Active Immunization: | Killed Vaccines
– Antigens without infectivity – May require boosters – Adjuvant with toxoids – Polysaccharide vaccines can be conjugated to protein (see conjugate vaccines)
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Active Immunization: | Recombinant Vaccines
– DNA recombinant technology – Attenuates microorganism – Hep B vaccine
43
Active Immunization: Adsorbed Vaccines NOTE THE "AD"
– Vaccine mixed with inorganic salt for slower adsorption and longer- lasting immunity – Tetanus, diphtheria
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Active Immunization: | Conjugate Vaccines
– Designed for poorly antigenic microorganisms | – Conjugate antigen of interest to immunogenic, non-toxic protein – Haemophilus influenzae type b
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Active Immunization: | Combined Vaccines
– For ease of administration
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Active Immunization: | Combined Active-Passive Immunization
– Immediate protection after possible exposure to microbe | – Hyperimmune Igs and vaccine injected at DIFFERENT sites – Tetanus, Rabies, Hep B
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Types of Active Immunization
- Live attenuated vaccines - Killed vaccines (sub-unit vaccines and toxoids) - Recombinant vaccines - Adsorbed vaccines - Conjugate vaccines - Combined vaccines - Combined Active-Passive Immunization
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Passive Immunization: | IgG animal origin
Short lived, risk of hypersensitivity reaction
49
Passive Immunization: | IgG human origin
Short lived, no risk of reaction
50
``` Passive Immunization: Gamma globulin (IgG) ```
Pooled from large grouped of blood donors and has antibodies to many common infections
51
``` Passive Immunization: Hyperimmune globulins (IgG) ```
Specific for a particular microbe
52
Why Passive Immunization?
- Faster acting | - Short lived

HSS 1100 (9 decks)

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