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HSS 1100 > Lecture 2 - Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Immunity Flashcards

No specific type of vaccines, just the methods of vaccination

1
Q

Immunity

A
  • The protection against infectious disease conferred either by the immune response generated by immunization or previous infection or by other nonimmunologic factors
  • body’s ability to resist infection
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2
Q

Two Types of Immunity

A
  • Non Specific (Innate)

- Specific (adaptive/acquired)

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3
Q

Innate Immunity:

Skin

A 
- Mechanical barrier
Effective because: 
- Largest 
- Skin is selectively permeable 
- Reproduces constantly 
- Produces sebum
- pH of skin is acidic
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4
Q

Innate Immunity:

Mucous Membranes

A
  • Cilia in respiratory tract
  • pH of the stomach
  • Lysosomes in tears
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5
Q

Innate Immunity:

Iron Binding Proteins

A
  • Some bacteria require iron for growth
  • Lacoferrin (example)
  • You then starve the bacteria from iron
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6
Q

Innate Immunity:

Phagocytosis

A
  • PMS, monocytes, and macrophages

- Act as a vacuum cleaner

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7
Q

Innate Immunity:

Complement (two things they do)

A
  • Set of circulating proteins that do two main things:
    1. Able to bind to antibodies, make the bacteria more opsonized for the immune system
    2. Recognize certain sugars on the cell wall of bacteria, and form a pore, insides of bacteria leaks out and the bacteria dies.
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8
Q

Specific Immunity:

Two Subcategories

A
  • Humoral

- Cell Mediated (CMI)

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9
Q

Specific Immunity:

Humoral

A
  • Antibody
  • Antigen
  • Circulating antibodies in the blood
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10
Q

Opsonization

A

When complement binds to antibodies and makes the bacteria more appealing for the immune system

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11
Q

DIfference between Innate and Adaptive Immunity?

A

– Innate: protects against ANY invader, does not discriminate
– Adaptive: directed against one type of invader, dependant on past exposure

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12
Q

Where do immune cells come form?

A
  • Bone marrow
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13
Q

B-cells

A
  • Make antibodies
  • After a signal is sent from T helper two cells
  • 1 B-Ceel, one type of bacteria
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14
Q

Antibody

A
  • Protein that binds specification to a substance (antigen)
  • IGs
  • Produced by B-cells upon stimulation from antigen presenting T-cells
  • Recognize toxins, capsules, some viral proteins
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15
Q

Antigen

A
  • Non self

- Protein, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, polysaccaride

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16
Q

Structures that can be antigenic in a bacteria?

A
  • Something on the outside
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17
Q

Antibody Binding

A
  • Arm can bind to antigen
  • On arm could bind to one antigen on one cell, and another on another cells
  • This starts clumping the antigens
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18
Q

Antibody composition

A
  • Y part (where binding occurs)

- Bottom part (consistent)

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19
Q

Clumping

A
  • Glutamate

- Means there is a positive reactions

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20
Q

Antobody

A
  • Ig produced in response to stimulation by antigen and reacting specifically with it
  • Distinguish “non self” from “Self”
  • Constant and variable region
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21
Q

Classes of IG

A
  • IgG
  • IgD
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgE
22
Q

IgG

A
  • Host defines

- Crosses the placenta and protects the new born

23
Q

IgD

A
  • Role is unknown
24
Q

IgA

A
  • host defence
  • Found in secretions (tears saliva, milk ext
  • Dimer
25
Q

IgM

A
  • Host defence
  • Early immune response
  • Pentamer
26
Q

IgE

A
  • Allergies (hypersensitivity)

- Defends against parasites

27
Q

1st Immune Response

A
  • Ab production triggered on first antigen introduction
  • Latent period of several days
  • Circulating antibody detectable after 5-10 days
  • Antibody in serum is maximum at 21 days (titer), then starts to drop to low levels
28
Q

2nd Immune Response

A
  • Basis for Immunization
  • Occurs when Ag (NOT Ab) is introduced 2nd, 3rd, 4th time
  • Lag, rapid Ab increase (2-3 days)
  • Slow decrease
  • Booster injection maximize Ab levels
29
Q

Antibody Detection:

Serology Reaction

A
  • Detects presence of Ab in serum sample
  • Antigen and antibody interact (agglutination)
  • Antibody titration
  • Detect unknown microorganisms using known antisera
30
Q

Agglutination

A

When an antigen and antibody interact

31
Q

CMI:

T-Cells

A
  • NOT antibodies
  • Helper, suppressive, cytotoxic (killer) generated from memory T- cells
  • Exposure to antigen induces response form trained T-cells
32
Q

CMI:

A

Essential for defence against intracellular organism, parasites, tumours, and other foreign cells

33
Q

Disorders of Immunity:

Allergy and Hypersensitivity

A
  • Over reaction to antigens in absence of true infection

- Anaphylaxis

34
Q

Disorders of Immunity:

Auto-immune disease

A
  • Immune system reacts to its own “self” antigens
  • “auto antibodies”
  • Type I diabetes, MS, Lupus
35
Q

Disorders of Immunity:

Immunodeficiency states

A
  • Inability to produce antibodies and more disfunction CMI
  • Congenital, disease, AIDS
  • HIV destroys T helper cells
36
Q

Disorders of Immunity:

Graft rejection

A
  • NORMAL immune reaction to non self

- Controlled by immune suppressive medication

37
Q

Immunization

A
  • Passive Immunization

- Active Immunization

38
Q

Passive Immunization

A

– administration of pre-formed antibody against a specific microbial agent
– IgG animal origin: short lived, risk of hypersensitivity reaction
– IgG human origin: short lived, no risk of reaction
– Gamma globulin (IgG): pooled from large grouped of blood donors and has antibodies to many common infections
– Hyperimmune globulins (IgG): specific for a particular microbe

39
Q

Active Immunization:

A

Stimulates immune system by administration of antigen.

LONGER LASTING

40
Q

Active Immunization:

Live Attenuated Vaccines

A

– Sub-clinical or mild illness mimicking the disease
– Local (IgA) and humoral (IgG) immunity
– Rapid immunity development
– Serious illness in immuno-compromised individuals

41
Q

Active Immunization:

Killed Vaccines

A

– Antigens without infectivity
– May require boosters
– Adjuvant with toxoids
– Polysaccharide vaccines can be conjugated to protein (see conjugate vaccines)

42
Q

Active Immunization:

Recombinant Vaccines

A

– DNA recombinant technology
– Attenuates microorganism
– Hep B vaccine

43
Q

Active Immunization:
Adsorbed Vaccines
NOTE THE “AD”

A

– Vaccine mixed with inorganic salt for slower adsorption and longer- lasting immunity
– Tetanus, diphtheria

44
Q

Active Immunization:

Conjugate Vaccines

A

– Designed for poorly antigenic microorganisms

– Conjugate antigen of interest to immunogenic, non-toxic protein – Haemophilus influenzae type b

45
Q

Active Immunization:

Combined Vaccines

A

– For ease of administration

46
Q

Active Immunization:

Combined Active-Passive Immunization

A

– Immediate protection after possible exposure to microbe

– Hyperimmune Igs and vaccine injected at DIFFERENT sites – Tetanus, Rabies, Hep B

47
Q

Types of Active Immunization

A
  • Live attenuated vaccines
  • Killed vaccines (sub-unit vaccines and toxoids)
  • Recombinant vaccines
  • Adsorbed vaccines
  • Conjugate vaccines
  • Combined vaccines
  • Combined Active-Passive Immunization
48
Q

Passive Immunization:

IgG animal origin

A

Short lived, risk of hypersensitivity reaction

49
Q

Passive Immunization:

IgG human origin

A

Short lived, no risk of reaction

50
Q 
Passive Immunization:
Gamma globulin (IgG)
A

Pooled from large grouped of blood donors and has antibodies to many common infections

51
Q 
Passive Immunization:
Hyperimmune globulins (IgG)
A

Specific for a particular microbe

52
Q

Why Passive Immunization?

A
  • Faster acting

- Short lived

HSS 1100 (9 decks)

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