Lecture 1 - Introduction Flashcards
Micro
Small
Bio
Life
Logy
Study of science
Immunology
Study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our response to them
Classes of Organism
smallest to largest
Viruses
Mycoplasma
Bacteria
Parasites
Viruses
Grow in living cells
Mycoplasma
Grow on non living media
Bacteria
Unicellular
What is “Small”?
1 - 2 Microns
How do you write names?
First name: Capitalized
Second name : Italicized
The difference between a virus and bacteria
Answer
Viruses
What are the made of?
- Nucleic acid (rNA or DNA)
- Surrounded by a capsid
VIruses
How to the take over?
Attach, inject nucleic acid, highjack synthetic processes inside cells to more more viruses, package, get out.
Bacteria
What are they mad of?
- Rigid cell wall
- Genetic material
- No nucleus
- Both RNA and DNA
- Binary Fission
Eukaryotes
- Unicellular and multicellular animals and plants
- Genetic material is organized into a nucleus
Are all Bacteria bad?
NO
- Biotechnology
- Spoilage of foods
- Bio remediation
Can we live without bacteria?
NOO
Micro Flora
- Found in small and large intestines
- Classified as resident or transient
- Also found on skin
Resident Bacteria
You are not born with it?
No
- Develops after 14 days
Where should there be NO bacteria?
- Brain
- Blood
- Lower Respiratory System
- CNS
- Male reproductive system
What can flora do for us?
- Help digest
- Produce enzymes
- Make Vitamin K and B8 (Main one)
Mechanical Barriers
- Skin
- Saliva
- Mucous
- Hair
- Tears
When you take antibiotics you have to do what?
Eat live probiotics because antibiotics are often non specific, therefore you destroy your flora. Then the probiotic will take up space.
How does infection occur?
How do the bad guys get in?
- Inhalation
- Contaminated food
Once in side, how does infection take place?
- Adherence
- Toxin Production
- Opportunistic
- Compromised host
Bacteraemia
Bacteria in your blood
Septicaemia
- Blood poisoning
- Can be a result of bacteria in the blood
In order for microbial disease to occur
- The must enter, live, and multiply
Colonize
Establish and multiply
Clinical infection
- Disease can result when damage occur to the host
- Easy to recognize
- Symptomatic
Contamination
Deposition without multiplication
Sub-Clinical DIsease
- Hard to diagnose
- Asymptomatic
How do we determine how dangerous a bacteria is?
- Pathgenicity
- Virulence
- Opportunistic
Pathgenicity
Ability to cause disease
Virulence
Relative capacity to cause damage
Opportunistic
Do not normally cause disease, but can do so when defence mechanism are breached or compromised
Pathogenesis of infectious disease
Two things that must happen
- Microorganism (invader) tries to multiply/ invade and cause disease (#2)
- Host tries to prevent #1
Transmission
- Inhalation
- Ingestion
- Break in protective barrier
- Direct deposite
- Pathgenicity
- Invasiveness
Invasiveness
- adherence, persistence, avoidance of Immune system)
How does a pathogen adhere?
Must adhere, evade and invade
Tools used to achieve adherence
- Surface structures (pili)
- Capsule
- Enzymnes
Toxigenicity:
Two classes
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
Exotoxins
- Excreted by living things
- Specific affinities
- Thermolabile
- Potent
Endotoxins
- Liberated when cell was is destroyed
- Less specific, causes fiver malaise and shock
- Thermostable
- Less potent than exotoxins
- Found on the inside of a bacteria
