Lecture 2 HUBS Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
the bodies ability to regulate and maintain a constant internal environment
What is the feedback homeostatic system?
When a controlled variable moves too far from the set point (favourable conditions and the body responds to regulate the variable back to ‘normal’
What is the feedforward homeostatic system?
Doing something to minimise the effects of an anticipated event.
What is anatomical terminology?
specific terminology that refers to body parts, directions and movements.
What is anatomical position ?
The position that the body is described in (keeps the terminology consistent)
Define anterior
The front of the body (forward facing)
Define posterior
The back of the body (facing backwards)
Define Superior
Closer the head/top of the body
Define inferior
Closer to the feet/bottom of the body
Define medial
Closer to the middle of the body
Define lateral
Closer to the sides of the body
Define proximal
Closer to the joint/closer to the body
*applies to limbs
Define distal
Further away from the body/towards feet/hands
*applies to limbs
Define deep in terms of anatomical terminology
further away from the surface
Define superficial
closer to the surface
Define coronal
Divided the body into front and back sections
Define sagittal
Divided the body into left and right pieces
Define transverse
Divides the body into top and bottom sections
What type of movement occurs on the sagittal plane ?
back and forward movements
What type of movement occurs on the coronal plane?
side to side movements
What type of movement occurs on the transverse plane?
rotating movements
What happens during flexion?
fleshy parts of limb brought closer together and the angle decreases
What happens during extension?
Fleshy parts of the limb is pushed further away and the angle increases
What is dorsiflexion?
Toes brought towards the face (upwards)
What is plantarflexion?
Toes point towards the ground
What is abduction?
Movement at joint moves the limb away from the midline (upwards)
What is adduction
Movement at joint moves limb towards midline (downwards)
What is inversion?
Sole of foot faves towards the midline (inwards)
What is eversion
Sole of foot turns away from midline (outwards)
What are the four combined movements of circumduction?
Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction (no rotation)
What is rotation?
rotation around the long axis of a joint
What are the two types of rotation?
lateral (external) and medial (internal)
What is pronation?
Palm faces posterior (backwards) and forearm bones cross over
What is supination?
Palm faces anterior (forwards) and the forearm bones become parallel
What are the main functions if the skeleton?
Support, movement, protection of major organs, storage of minerals and Red blood cell formation (marrow)
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Cancellous (trabecular) and compact
What are the properties of compact bone?
Strong, dense, good as transmitting force in once direction
What are the properties of cancellous bone
light and spongy, shock absorbent, force resists from multiple directions
How would you identify a long bone?
Longer than they are wide, (mostly found in limbs)
What is the structure of a long bone?
proximal epiphisis (one each end), diaphysis (shaft) and medullary cavity (marrow)
How would you identify a short bone?
close to equal width and length
What are two properties of short bone?
mostly made of compact bone and weight bearing
How would you identify a flat bone?
Thin, flat bone that is used for muscle attachment and protection of organs
What is a property of flat bones?
Thin plates of compact bone (some cancellous)
How would you describe irregular bones?
Doesn’t fit into any other category, usually has a hole (foramina)`
What is an an example of a long bone?
femur, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula etc
What is an example of a short bone?
patella, carpals and tarsals
What is an example of flat bones?
scapular, ribs, cranium etc
What is an example of a irregular bone?
pelvis, vertebrae etc
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
What is the axial skeleton?
Bones of the core
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
protection of vital organs
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Limb bones
What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?
important for movement
What Bones are in the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column and ribs
What bones make the the skull?
cranium, facial bones, mandible
What is the purpose of the cranium?
Encloses the brain, muscles attachments
What is the purpose of facial bones?
protection and support of sensory organs
What is the function of the vertebrae?
support and posture, muscles attachment, head support
What are the four divisions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum and coccyx
How many bones are in the vertebral column? (in divisions)
7,12,5 + sacrum and coccyx
What is the function of the cervical division?
Makes up the neck, head support, able to rotate (rotation of head)
How may bones are in the cervical division?
7
What is the thoracic division on the vertebral column?
Makes up the back, support of the body
How many bones make up the thoracic devision of the vertebral column?
12
How many bones make up the Lumbar of the vertebral column?
5
What are the sacrum and coccyx bones?
Make up the tail bone, fused together, part of thee pelvis
What is the purpose of the rib cage?
Vital organ protection
What are the regions of the appendicular skeleton
Arm, forearms thigh, leg
What is the limb structure?
One proximal long bone (femur/humerus), two distal long bones (radius/ulna and tibia/fibula) + hands and feet
What is a function of the humerus and femur?
Deep articular movement
What bones make up the hands?
Carpals (8), metacarpals (5) and phalanges (14)
What bones make up the feet?
Tarsals (7), metatarsals (5) and phalanges (14)
How does the appendicular skeleton attach to the axial skeleton?
Pectoral girdle (shoulder) and pelvic girdle (hip)
What bones are in the pectoral girdle?
Calvical and scapula
What bones are in the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones and sacrum
What are the properties of the pectoral girdle?
Stabilising clavicle and free moving scapular attachments
What is the pelvic girdle good for?
weight bearing (holds the body up)
What is the structure of the pelvis?
ilium, pubis, ischium, sacrum and coccyx
What are the difference between the male and female pelvis?
different pelvic cavity sizes (more open on female for childbirth)
What are the four main types of tissue?
epithelial, muscular, nervous and connective
What is the bone tissue composition?
connective tissue and two bone ECM
What is the role of connective tissue in bones?
supports other tissues/organs and maintains form
What are the two extra cellular components of bone?
Organic and inorganic
What makes up the organic component of bone?
Collagen, ground substance (porteoglycans)
how much of the bone ECM organic?
33%
What is the function of the organic component of bone?
resist tension (flexibility)
What makes the inorganic component of bone?
Hydroxyapatite and Ca minerals (mineral salts)
How much of the bone ECM is inorganic?
67%
What is the function of the inorganic component of bone?
Makes bone hard and resistant to compression
What are the four types of cell in bone?
Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
What is the function of bone cells?
maintain bone homeostasis (balance of bone destruction and formation)
What do osteogenic cells do?
Produce stem cells which make osteoblasts
What do osteoblasts do?
make bone matrix
What do osteoclasts do?
destroy/remove bone matrix
What doe osteocytes do?
Maintain/recycle proteins and minerals from bone matrix
What is the structure of compact bone?
Osteon structure
What is the structure of cancellous bone?
trabecular structure
What are the main components of osteons?
osteon, central canal, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi
What is an osteon?
Longitudinal unit within compact bone
What is the purpose of an osteon?
provide pathway for nutrients to get to cells in the ECM
What is the function of the central canal in an osteon?
contains blood vessel and nerves
What is lamellae?
a series of cylinders formed of ECM around the central canal
What are lacunae?
‘lakes’ for osteocytes
What are canaluclui?
channels for nutrients to travel to osteocytes through the ECM
What are the three main components of cancellous bone?
trabeculae, marrow and osteocytes
What are the trabeculae made from?
struts of lamella bone
What is the purpose of trabecular bone?
resists force from multiple directions, directs boy weight force and spreads force distally
How do the bone cells maintain homeostasis?
osteoblasts add to the bone matrix and osteoclasts remove bone so that the bone doesn’t get too heavy
What is endochondral ossification
process of turning cartilage into bone
What is osteoporosis?
imbalance of osteoclast and osteoblast activity which causes the bone mass to decrease
What is the primary ossification centre (first)
diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses remains cartilage
What is the secondary ossification centre
diaphysis and epiphyses by the growth plate
What is the epiphyseal plates role in bone growth?
Allows bones to grow in length
How does a bone grow in width?
osteoblast activity produces circumferential lamellae and osteoclasts mould bone shape and form medullary cavity
What are the main functions of a joint?
hold bones together and allows control of movement
What are the two key types of cartilage?
hyaline (articular), fibrocartilage
What the three types of DFCT?
ligaments, tendons, joint capsules
What are the main structural components of cartilage?
chondrocytes, collagen fibres
How does cartilage get nutrients?
diffused through ECM by joint loading
What is the function of hyaline (articular) cartilage?
resist compression, creates smooth, frictionless movement
What are the structural elements of hyaline?
High water content in matrix, sparse collagen fibres
What is the function of fibrocartliage?
resist compression and tension, acts as a buffer/shock absorbers, deepens articular surface
What are the structural elements of fibrocartilage?
Many collagen fibres in bundles (more fibres than hyaline)
What is the orientation of fibres in fibrocartilage?
align with where stress occurs
What are the 6 key elements of DFCT?
Tightly packed fibres, collagen, fibroblasts, some elastin fibres, little vascularity, slow to heal
What is the function of DFCT?
Resist tension
Why does it take a long time for DFCT to heal?
Limited access to nutrients due to the little vascularity/blood flow
What is the purpose of ligaments?
connect bone to bone, resists tension and allow for stretch and recoil
What are ligaments made out of?
collagen and elastin
What is the purpose of tendons?
connect muscle to bone, movement control, transmission of contractions from muscle to bone
What are tendons made out of?
Lots of collagen, less elastin
What is the role of collagen and elastin in ligaments?
strength (collagen) and stretch (elastin)
What is bony congruence?
Sum of bone surfaces that form an articulation
What are the three join classifications?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What is tissue?
cells grouped together in a highly organised manner according to specific structure and function
What is structure?
something formed of a tissue
Where can fibrous joints be found?
the skull (provides stability, protects brain)
What type of tissue is fibrous tissue?
DFCT
What is the structure of fibrous joints?
ligament
What is the function of fibrous joints?
Limit movement and provide stability
What type of joint is in the ankle?
fibrous joint (provides stability)
What type of tissue is found in cartilaginous joints
fibrocartilage
What is the function of cartilaginous joints?
some movement, connection of some bones (vertebrae)
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
Cartilaginous joints (allows for some movement while walking)
What is the function of synovial joints?
Lots of movement, free moving (found in most joints)
Why do we need different classes of joints?
different structures require different functions
What are the structure of the synovial joints?
bone ends, articular cartilage, joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments
What is the structure of the synovial joint capsule?
other layer of DFCT, inner synovial membrane
What happens in the synovial inner membrane?
secretes synovial fluid, lubrication of the joint, provides nutrients
what are capsule ligaments?
Thickening of capsules where more support is needed (knee)
What are the two types of collateral ligament
MCL (medial) and LCL (lateral)
What is the function of the MCL?
connects femur to tibia, restricts abduction
What is the function of the LCL?
Connects femur to fibula, restricts adduction
What are the cruciate ligaments of the knee?
ACL (anterior) and PCL (posterior)
what is ROM?
range of movement
What is the movement of the sagittal axis?
forward and backward
What Is the movement across the coronal plane?
side to side
