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Virology > Lecture 2 - Herpesviruses > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Herpesviruses Flashcards

0
Q

herpesvirus: disease characteristics
typical microscopic lesions
host specific
what happens after initial infection

A

microscopic lesions: eosinophilic nuclear inclusions
host specific: self-limiting, serious in immunocompromised, rare zoonosis/anthroponosis
what happens after infection: they persist in the host (latency) and will recrudesce under stress (life long shedding)

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1
Q

herpesvirus basic characteristics

A

dsDNA genome
enveloped
icosahedral capsid
tegument

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2
Q

alpha herpesvirus

A

neurons

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3
Q

beta herpesvirus

A

myeloid precursors, kidneys

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4
Q

gamma herpesvirus

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

Bovine Herpesvirus-1 can present as what diseases?

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
infectious pustular balanoposthitis
abortion

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6
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1

A

alphavirus

associated with ocular lesions - conjunctivitis, corneal keratitis and ulceration and cancer of the eye

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7
Q

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

part of shipping fever complex

causes an infection in oropharyngeal region (upper respiratory tract)

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8
Q

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis clinical signs and dx

A

clinical signs: dyspnic, febril, white necrotic lesions on mucosa can cause abortions

dx: from clinical signs, hx and serology or vial isolation

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9
Q

infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and balanopisthitis

A

neither lead to abortion

cause vulvular and glans penis lesions

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10
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 abortion

A
  • follows from the respiratory form of the infection- NOT genital form.
  • liver is the best source of virus for diagnosis
  • live vaccines for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis can be used as abortigen in feedlots.
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11
Q

bovine shipping fever complex (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis plays a role in this)

A

respiratory disease seen in calves one month within weaning when they go to the feedlots.

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12
Q

what complexes are seen within bovine shipping fever complex?

A 
bovine viral diarrhea
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
bovine respiratory syncytial virus
parainfluenza type-3 virus
bovine cornoavirus
bacteria (manhemia, pasteruella, mycoplasma)
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13
Q

clinical signs of bovine shipping fever complex

A

depression, loss of appetite, rapid breathing, coughing, diarrhea, nasal discharge or sudden death

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14
Q

dx and tx of bovine shipping fever complex

A

dx: history and clinical signs
tx: supportive care, antibiotics!, occasionally anti-inflammatories to reduce lung pathology

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15
Q

what other conditions can bovine herpes virus-1 cause?

A

mastitis!

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16
Q

epidemiology of BHV-1 (bovine herpesvirus -1)

A

spread by aerosols in feedlots or coitus (for IPV and IPB)
enveloped = fragile virus
causes latent infection that is reactivated by steroids
easy to isolate

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17
Q

control and prevention of BHV-1

A

wide range of vaccines available

in florida, calves sent to feedlots out west should be vaccinated 3 weeks before shipping

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18
Q

bovine herpesvirus-2

what type of virus is it and what does it cause

A

alphavirus

causes: dermatopathic bovine herpesvirus, bovine mammillitis (mastitis), pseudo-lumpy skin disease

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19
Q

clinical signs of bovine herpesvirus-2

A
  • mild inflammation to severe ulceration of hte skin on teats and udder
  • seen in the fall as an explosive outbreak of teat lesions without generalized skin lesions
  • may see generalized nodules all over body - they become necrotic and lymphadenitis occurs
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20
Q

when diagnosing bovine herpesvirus-2 what disease MUST you rule out first?

A

poxvirus like true lumpy skin disease

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21
Q

how is bovine herpesvirus-2 transmitted?

A

direct contact via fomites like milking machines or insect vector

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22
Q

how is bovine herpesvirus-2 dx and tx?

A

dx: based on clinical signs or virus recovery
tx: supportive care

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23
Q

Pseudorabies (Aujezky’s disease)
animals affected?
pathogenesis?

A 
wild pigs (eradicated in domestic pigs)
enters via nasal or oral epithelium
replication in URT
spreads to brain via cranial nerves 
***shed from nose and mouth for 17 days post-infection then becomes latent***
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24
Q

how is pseudorabies transmitted?
who are the carriers?
how is the disease reactivated?

A

primarily airborne
also via milk, semen, transplacental
carriers: adults and vaccinated animals
can be reactivated by stress

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25
Q

incubation period for pseudorabies

clinical signs of pseudorabies

A

incubation period: 1 week
if animal is less than 2 weeks old clinical signs are: fever, convulsive episodes, prostration, 100% mortality
if animal is older than 2 weeks: fever, anorexia, CNS signs (hindlimb incoordination, circling, muscle tremors, lateral deviation of the head) 5 - 25% mortality. may also see respiratory signs - dyspnea and nasal discharge

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26
Q

clinical signs of pseudorabies in adults

histopath

A

will vary -
mild: anorexia, dullness, abortions, stillbirths
virulent straing: incoordination to fever, vomiting, respiratory
histopath: eosinophilic inclusions in neurons

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27
Q

control of pseudorabies

A

vaccines: modified life and recombinant

serological tests can differentiate from naturally infected and vaccinated

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28
Q

how was pseudorabies eradicated from pig populations in the US?

A

from gene-deleted vaccines - they deleted thinine kinase from the virus.

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29
Q

pseudorabies in other species
which species?
what are their clinical signs? any hallmarks?

A

cattle, sheep, cats, dogs (all dead-end hosts)

  • intense local pruritis is cardinal sign –> “mad itch” = hallmark!
  • self mutilation
  • excitement, convulsions
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30
Q

pseudorabies in cattle

A

clinical presentation similar to rabies

  • acquired through contact with pigs
  • no virus excretion at site of self mutilation hence no transmission (dead-end host)
  • virus can be isolated from brain
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31
Q

pseudorabies in dogs

A
  • associated with hunting feral pigs
  • also experiences “mad itch”
  • common in florida
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32
Q

pseudorabies in cats

A

not that important

  • uncommon
  • contracted via contact with infected piglets
  • signs: pruritis and death
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33
Q

what does equine herpesvirus-4 cause?

A

equine rhinopneumonitis

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34
Q

what is equine rhinopneumonitis?

what are its clinical signs?

A

it is a respiratory disease caused by equine herpesvirus-4 found worldwide.
clinical signs: fever, depression,a norexia, serous nasal d/c, cough, sumbandibular lymphadenopathy, secondary bacterial infection (pneumonia, mucopurulent nasal discharge)

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35
Q

what does equine herpesvirus-1 cause?

A

equine abortion/myeloencephalitis

36
Q

etiology of equine abortion/myeloencephalitis

A

equine herpesvirus-1 is the cause of abortion and neurological disease.
- position 752 DNA poly gene point mutation

37
Q

pathogenesis of equine abortion/myeloencephalitis (EHV-1)

A
  • droplet infection leads to viral replication in URT

- leukocyte-associated viremic spread to other tissues like the CNS and uterus with subsequent invasion of the fetus

38
Q

clinical signs of equine abortion/myeloencphalitis (EHV-1)

A

same as EHV-4 + abortion and neurological disease (ataxia, posterior paresis and quadriplegia)

39
Q

what is the prognosis of horses with EHV-1 abortion/myeloencephalitis?

A

poor - most horses die

40
Q

How are both EHV-1 and EHV-4 diagnosed?

A

virus isolation, serology, histopath, PCR, immunofluorescence (IFA), necropsy

41
Q

how are both EHV-1 and EHV-4 prevented?

A

vaccines (efficacy questionable), quarentine, hygiene

42
Q

what does equine herpesvirus-3 cause?

A

coital exanthema

43
Q

clinical signs of coital exanthema

A
  • vesicles on skin of vulva or penis –> progresses to erosions/scabs
  • secondary bacterial infection common
44
Q

transmission of equine herpesvirus-3: coital exanthema

A

venereal

if there are no lesions then there will be no transmission

45
Q

diagnosis of EHV-3: coital exanthema

A

virus isolation

46
Q

tx of EHV-3: coital exanthema

A

sexual rest

topical antibiotics

47
Q

control of equine herpesvirus-3: coital exanthema

A

no vaccine - horeses without active lesions are considered not infective.

48
Q

epidemiology of canine herpesvirus-1

A

present worldwide

seropositive rates >30% in feral dogs

49
Q

transmission of canine herpesvirus-1

A

direct contact with infectious body fluids

  • latent after primary infection and is shed periodically primarily in nasal secretion
  • puppies are at highest risk of disease - mortality rate is high during 1st week of life (infected puppies die within 24-48 hours)
50
Q

clinical signs of canine herpesvirus in puppies

A

highly letha - depression, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, nasal d/c, hepatomegaly, CNS signs

51
Q

clinical signs of canine herpesvirus in adults

A

reproductive problems

asymptomatic, respiratory & reproductive infection

52
Q

canine herpesvirus-1 dx

A 
clinical signs
viral culture: cannot be isolated > 2-3 weeks post infection
histopath: intranuclear inclusions
PCR
serology 
necropsy
53
Q

tx for canine herpesivrus

A

supportive care

54
Q

prevention for canine herpesvirus

A

vaccination NOT available in US!

once a female is infected she will pass antibodies on to pups

55
Q

feline herpesvirus-1 causes…..

A

feline viral rhinotracheitis

56
Q

several agents can be involved with feline upper respriatory tract infections including?

A
  • feline herpesvirus (viral rhinotracheitis)
  • calcivirus
  • chlamydia
  • bordetella
  • mycoplasma
57
Q

how are feline URI’s transmitted?

A

direct contact with infected cats

indirect via fomites

58
Q

epidemiology of feline URIs

A

latency - recrudescence occurs

common in muticat households

59
Q

clinical signs of feline URIs

A

non-specific: fever, sneezing, serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge, conjnctivits, ocular discharge, hypersalivation, anorexia, dehydration

60
Q

clinical signs of feline herpesvirus

A

corneal ulceration, abortion, neonatal death along with nonspecific signs of URIs

61
Q

clinical signs of calcivrius

A

oral ulceration, pneumonia, polyarthritis

62
Q

how to differentiate feline URIs

A

chlamydia and mycoplasma: conjunctivitis

herpesvirus: rhinitis, pharyngitis, corneal ulcers
calcivirus: oral ulcers only or pneumonia

63
Q

feline URI diagnosis

A

fluorescent antibody test: conjunctival scrapings
virus isolation tests
serological assays
viral nucleic acid testing

64
Q

tx of ACUTE feline URIs

A 
supportive care
steam/vaporizer
corneal ulcer and conjunctivitis 
abx if secondary bacterial infection
NO GLUCOCORTICOIDS!
65
Q

Tx of chronic feline URIs

A

facilitate drainage of discharge
chronic abx therapy
lysine
+/- glucocorticoids

66
Q

prevention of feline URIs

A

vaccination - lessens severity
quarantine - minimum of 3 weeks for new animals
disinfection

67
Q

avian herpesvirus-1 causes _____

A

infectious laryngotracheitis

68
Q

general characteristics of avian herpesvirus-1: infectious laryngotracheitis

A

occurs worldwide in chickens and pheasants
most common form is 4 - 18 months old
all ages susceptible - most common in 4 - 18 months

69
Q

clinical signs of AHV-1: infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT)

A

mild coughing/sneezing followed by nasal/ocular discharge, dyspnea, loud gasping
“pump handle respiration” - neck is raised and the head extended during inspiration
head shaking during cough causes bloody mucus and frank blood on beak, face and feathers

70
Q

clinical signs of low virulent strains of avian herpesvirus-1: infectious laryngotracheitis

A

conjunctivitis, ocular discharge, swollen sinuses and low egg production

71
Q

transmission and dx of avian herpesvirus-1: infectious larngotracheitis

A

transmission: aerosol
dx: clinical signs and confirmatory test like PCR or ELISA

72
Q

what does avian herpesvirus-2 cause?

A

marek’s disease

73
Q

clinical signs of Marek’s disease

A

lymphoproliferative syndromes including lymphoma within visceral organs and nervous system
- asymptomatic paralysis of one or both legs/wings causing incoordination = early sign

74
Q

3 forms of Marek’s disease

A
  1. acute Marek’s disease (fowl paralysis): extensive outbreaks in young birds - depression followed b ataxia and paralysis with significant mortality
  2. ocular lymphomatosis = rare causes graying of iris and blindness
  3. cutaneous marek’s disease (redleg syndrome) - causes round nodular lesions along feathered skin and red coloration down legs
75
Q

dx of avian-herpesvirus-2: Marek’s disease

A

based on PE, clinical signs, necropsy
confirmation via histopath
viral antigen detected by IF

76
Q

prevention of marek’s disease

A

vaccination of 1 day old chicks it decreases incidence of lymphoproliferative syndromes and neoplastic lesions

peripheral neurologic disease continues
without vaccination, mortality peaks at 80% in immature birds around 2 - 5months old

77
Q

porcine herpesvirus-2: what does it cause?

what type of virus is it?

A

causes porcine cytomegalovirus

its a betaherpesvirus

78
Q

porcine cytomegalovirus: general characteristics

A

enzootic in swine herds worldwide - most severe in swine less than 2 weeks old

79
Q

clinical signs of porcine herpesvirus-2: porcine cytomegalovirus

A
  • only occur with new introduction of virus or poor nutrition
    rhinitis
  • sneezing, coughing, serous nasal discharge, ocular discharge, depression
  • piglets lose weight rapidly and die within days
80
Q

alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 and ovine herpesvirus-2 both cause?

A

bovine malignant catarrhal fever

81
Q

what species are affected by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 and ovine herpesvirus-2?

A

wildebeest and sheep - they are asymptomatic but shed the virus
sheep will pass the virus to: cattle, bison and deer
wildebeest pass the virus to: ungulates

82
Q

two types of alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 and ovine herpesvirus-2:

A

african and North American
both occur in the US

North American is mostly associated with sheep

83
Q

what are diagnostic indicators of bovine malignant catarrhal fever?

A

bilateral corneal opacity

100% mortality but low morbidity

84
Q

clinical signs of acute bovine malignant catarrhal fever

A

highly fatal lymphoproliferative disease characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the URT and GI mucosa, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis, lymph node enlargement

85
Q

clinical signs of peracute form of bovine malignant catarrhal fever

A

high fever, dyspnea, acute gastroenteritis

86
Q

clinical signs of “head and eye form” of bovine malignant catarrhal fever

A

high persistant fever, listlessness rapid pulse, profuse mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, CNS signs, lymphadenopathy and corneal opacity, death in 3 - 4 days

87
Q

transmission of bovine malignant catarrhal fever

A

african: presence of a wildbeest at calving time

N. American: associated with sheep at lambing

88
Q

dx, tx and control of bovine malignant catarrhal fever

A

dx: presumptive based on history and clinical signs
tx: none
control: separate wildebeest, sheep and cattle

Virology (7 decks)

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