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Biology 131 > Lecture 2 (Gene Expression) > Flashcards

Lecture 2 (Gene Expression) Flashcards

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1
Q

Transcription in Prokaryotes

A

Initiation: RNA polymerase attached to promoter

Elongation: RNA polymerase moves across the gene and makes a version in RNA

Termination: RNA polymerase crosses the terminator and releases the DNA

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2
Q

Does RNA polymerase move upstream or downstream?

A

downstream

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3
Q

Transcription in Eukaryotes

A

Initiation: transcription factors bind to the promoter then RNA polymerase binds to the promoter

Elongation: RNA polymerase moves across the gene and makes a version in RNA

Termination: RNA polymerase crosses polyadenylation signal sequence and releases from DNA

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4
Q

Differences in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription

A
  • Prokaryotes do it in the cytosol, eukaryotes do it in the nucleus
  • prokaryotes don’t have TF, eukaryotes do have TF
  • prokaryotes make mRNA, eukaryotes make pre-mRNA
  • for prokaryotes it ends when it crosses the terminator, for eukaryotes it ends when it crosses the polyadenylation sequence
  • prokaryotes don’t have a TATA box, eukaryotes have a TATA box
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5
Q

similarities in translation for prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • both start at the promoter
  • the RNA pol moves downstream
  • both make a version of RNA
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6
Q

chromatin

A

term for DNA and histones

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7
Q

euchromatin

A

can alternate between being loosely or high condensed

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8
Q

when can a chromatin be read?

A

it is “on” when it is loosely condensed

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9
Q

heterochromatin

A

remains highly condensed

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10
Q

telomeres

A

DNA sequences at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes

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11
Q

Acetyl groups

A

Bind to tails of histones ( they attach to protein not DNA)

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12
Q

can transcription occur in unacetylated histones?

A

no

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13
Q

acetyl groups are added to histone tails and

A

open up the DNA

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14
Q

Methyl groups are attached to DNA and

A

condense the DNA

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15
Q

epigentics

A

Certain traumas can turn off genes or alter gene expression.

refers to occasions when gene expression is altered , but the nucleotide sequence of the gene stays the same

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16
Q

how do cells express different genes?

A
  • altering exposure of the DNA

- w/ TF

17
Q

What the extra middle step that only occurs in eukaryotes?

A

RNA processing

18
Q

RNA processing

A
  1. Addition of 5’ cap
  2. Addition of poly a tail
  3. Removal of introns
19
Q

Why does RNA processing occur?

A
  • to remove introns
  • to label and tag the mRNA as “ready”
  • protects the mRNA
  • helps bind to the ribosome
20
Q

2 basic steps for gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Transcription

Translation

21
Q

central dogma

A

replication, transcription, translation.

The process by which DNA is converted to a functional product

22
Q

3 sites of a large subunit

A

E: tRNA leaves

P: first tRNA (MET)

A: new tRNA comes in

23
Q

where does translation occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

In the cytosol, specifically at a ribosome

24
Q

Translation

A

using instructions in RNA to start making proteins

25
Q

TRANSLATION in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Initiation:
The mRNA attached to the small subunit of the ribosome
The tRNA carrying MET will attach
The large subunit attaches

Elongation:
New tRNA enters A site of the large subunit to be a base pair to whatever the next codon is
tRNA in P site is going to attach its amino acid to the one in A site. Which starts to form a polypeptide.
Ribosome moves over one and the tRNA in the A site (w the two amino acids) attaches to the P site. The tRNA in the P site (which was empty) will no go to the E site to exit.
REPEATS until termination

Termination:
A stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome
Release factor protein bunds to A site
Release factor protein breaks bond between polypeptide and the tRNA and ribosomal subunits separate

26
Q

polyribosome

A

multiple ribosomes moving along the mRNA

27
Q

start and end is determined by:

A

start and end codons. NOT 3’ 5’

28
Q

charged tRNA

A

a tRNA that is attached to an amino acid

29
Q

uncharged tRNA

A

a tRNA that doesnt have an amino acid attached

Biology 131 (5 decks)

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