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SP2017- Anatomy Exam 3 > Lecture 2- Forebrain and Limbic System > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Forebrain and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

The forebrain includes the… which is the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus and the…. and the …. which is the hippocampus, hypothalamus and amygdala

A

Diencephalon
Internal Capsule
Limbic System

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2
Q

The pineal gland and habenula are part of the

A

epithalamus

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3
Q

The thalamus is considered the gateway to the…

A

cortex

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4
Q

The anterior division of the thalamus includes the… nucleus

A

anterior

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5
Q

The medial division of the thalamus includes the… nucleus

A

Dorsomedial (aka medial dorsal)

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6
Q

The lateral division of the thalamus is divided into

A

a dorsal and ventral tier

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7
Q

The dorsal tier of the lateral division of the thalamus contains these 2 nuclei:

A 
Lateral dorsal (LD)
Lateral posterior (LP)
pulvinar
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8
Q

The ventral tier of the lateral division of the thalamus includes these 6 nuclei:

A 
Ventral anterior (VA)
Ventral lateral (VL)
Vent post. lat (VPL)
Vent post med (VPM)
Lateral geniculate (LGN)
Medial geniculate (MGN)

geniculate also called body

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9
Q

Besides anterior, medial and lateral, the thalamus has these 3 nuclei

A

intralaminar
reticular nucleus
midline nuclei

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10
Q

… subdivision of the thalamus is the largest

A

lateral

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11
Q

the subdivisions of the thalamus are defined by the…

A

internal medullary lamina (IML)

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12
Q

The anterior subdivision of the thalamus sits in a split in the…

A

IML

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13
Q

All thalamic nuclei (except….) are based on the same general theme and have 2 different population of neurons:

A
  • reticular
  • projection neurons and interneurons

*proportions vary

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14
Q

There are 2 basic types of thalamic inputs:
… inputs which convey info at thalamic nucleus passes on nearly directly to cortex. (example: ML to VPL or optic tract to LGN)

and … inputs where the thalamic nucleus contributes to the info it recieves before it is passed on to cortex

A
  • specific

- regulatory

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15
Q

there are 3 categories of thalamic nuclei based on patterns of outputs and specific inputs

A
  1. Relay nuclei
  2. Association nuclei
  3. Intralaminar and midline nuclei
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16
Q

… nuclei recieve well defined input from a subcortical source (ex. medial lemniscus) and project to a well-defined area of cortex (ex. somatosensory cortex)

A

Relay

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17
Q

…nuclei recieve specific inputs from association cortex (ex. prefrontal cortex) and project back

A

association

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18
Q

…. nuclei recieve distinct set of specific inputs (basal ganglia, limbic structures) and project to cortex, BG and limbic structures

A

intralaminar and midline

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19
Q

The… is an important source of regulatory input to thalamus and has no projections to cortex (unlike all other thalamic nuclei)

A

reticular nucleus

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20
Q

Input to the reticular nucleus is from

A

cortex and thalamus

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21
Q

Output of reticular nucleus

A

inhibitory axons to thalamus

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22
Q

The… is a sheet of neurons that covers thalamus and that axons must traverse to enter/leave thalamus and send collaterals to it

A

reticular nucleus

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23
Q

sensory, motor and limbic systems have… nuclei

A

relay

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24
Q

relay nuclei of sensory

A

VPL and VPM

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25
Q

relay nuclei of motor

A

VA and VL

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26
Q

relay nuclei of limbic

A

Anterior and LD

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27
Q

specific inputs of anterior nucleus and cortical output

A

specific inputs: mammillothalamic tract, hippocampus

output: cingulate gyrus

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28
Q

Specific inputs of Lateral Dorsal (LD) nucleus and cortical output

A

specific inputs: hippocampus

output: cingulate gyrus

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29
Q

Specific inputs of VA/VL nuclei and cortical output

A

specific inputs:
BG (mostly VA)
cerebellum (mostly VL)
output: motor areas

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30
Q

Specific inputs of VPL nucleus and cortical output

A

specific inputs: Medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract (ALP)

output: somatosensory cortex

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31
Q

Specific inputs of VPM nucleus and cortical output

A

specific inputs: trigeminal system
output: somatosensory cortex

AND

input: central tegmental tract (taste)
output: insula

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32
Q

Specific inputs of MGN nucleus and cortical output

A

input: branchium of inferior colliculous
output: auditory cortex

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33
Q

Specific inputs of LGN nucleus and cortical output

A

input: optic tract
output: visual cortex

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34
Q

… and… are main association nuclei

A

DM and Pulvinar

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35
Q

Parietal-occipital-temporal: pulvinar-LP complex function

A

largely unknown; may be involved in visual perception or attention

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36
Q

Prefrontal: DM function

A

foresight

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37
Q

DM specific input and cortical output

A

input: prefrontal cortex, olfactory and limbic structures (amygdala)
output: prefrontal cortex

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38
Q

LP specific inputs and cortical output

A

input: parietal lobe
output: parietal cortex

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39
Q

Pulvinar specific inputs and cortical output

A

input: parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
output: same

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40
Q

The most lateral part of the internal capsule is the

A

putamen

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41
Q

The lenticular nucleus is made up of the… and…

A

putamen and globus papllidus of the IC

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42
Q

… and … fibers pass through the IC.

A

thalamocortical and corticothalamic

*almost al fibers going to and from the cortex pass thru

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43
Q

The internal capsule collects and forms … down which corticopontine, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers descend

A

cerebral peduncle

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44
Q

Internal capsule has 5 parts based on relationship to lenticular nucleus…

A
  1. anterior limb
  2. posterior limb
  3. genu
  4. retrolenticular
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45
Q

The anterior limb of the IC is made up from

A

lenticular nucleus and caudate

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46
Q

The posterior limb of the IC is made up of

A

lenticular nucleus and thalamus

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47
Q

The genu of the IC is between … limbs

A

anterior and posterior

48
Q

The retrolenticular part of IC is behind the… nucleus

A

lenticular

49
Q

the sublenticular is beneath the… and is only seen in coronal sections, not horizontal

A

lenticular nucleus

50
Q

What limb of the IC do these pathways use?

anterior nucleus–>cingulate gyrus

DM–> prefrontal cortex

A

anterior limb

51
Q

What limb of the IC do these pathways use?

VA/VL–> motor areas
Motor areas–> brainstem/sp

VPL/VPM–> somatosensory cortex

A

posterior limb

52
Q

What limb of the IC does this pathway use?

MGN–> auditory cortex

A

sublenticular

53
Q

What limb of the IC does this pathway use?

Pulvinar/LO–> parietal-occipital-temporal cortex

A

retrolenticular

54
Q

What pathway of IC does this pathway use

LGN–> visual/occipital cortex

A

sublenticular- superior vision field

retrolenticular- inferior visual field

55
Q

3 main types of connections of hypothalamus

A
  1. interconnected with limbic system
  2. output to pituitary
  3. interconnects visceral/somatic nuclei
56
Q

the hypothalamus is critical in autonomic, endocrine, emotional and somatic functions; maintains…

A

physiological range or homeostasis

57
Q

The lateral aspect of the hypothalamus is the rostral continuation of the… which contains nuclei and tracts (medial forebrain bundle)

A

reticular formation

58
Q

The medial aspect (middle) of the hypothalamus consists of

A

nuclei

59
Q

The most medial part of the hypothalamus is the… which is a rostral continuation of the … and this contains nuclei and tracts (dorsal longitudinal fasiculus)

A

paraventricular
periaqueductal
gray

60
Q

The …. artery supplies neurohyposphysis (posterior lobe)

A

inferior hypophyseal artery

61
Q

the … artery supplies the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

A

superior hypophyseal artery

62
Q

Capillaries of pituitary drain into…. which delivers anterior and posterior pituitary hormones

A

cavernous sinus

63
Q

… cells synapse onto capillaries, and release secretions into capillaries so they are true endocrine cells

A

neuroendocrine

64
Q

… area of hypothalamus contain the nuclei that have the neuroendocrine cells. And it is located in lower half of…

A

-hypophysiotrophic

preoptic and tuberal regions

65
Q

two types of neurons in hypophysiotrophic area

A

parvocellular

magnocellular

66
Q

The parvocellular type of neurons end in …

The magnocellular type of neurons end in…

A

median eminence on superior hypophyseal artery

posterior lobe

67
Q

5 nuclei of hypophysiotrophic area

A
  1. paraventricular nucleus
  2. preoptic nucleus
  3. supraoptic nucleus
  4. ventromedial nucleus
  5. arcuate nucleus
68
Q

Parvocellular neurons have short axons, which nuclei are these type?

A

preoptic
ventromedial
arcuate

69
Q

Magnocellular neurons have long axons, which nuclei are these type?

A

paraventricular

supraoptic

70
Q

parvocellular neurons give rise to …. tract to infundibular capillary bed

A

tuberoinfundibular

71
Q

2 hormones released by paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei from posterior pituitary

A

antidiuretic/vasopressin

oxytocin

72
Q

there is a loss of ADH in

A

diabetes insipidous

73
Q

ADH causes

A

increase uptake by kidney and decrease UO

74
Q

ADH regulation due to sensing … also input from subfornical circumventricular organ

A

blood osmotic pressure

75
Q

oxytocin is involved in

A

contraction of uterine and other smooth muscles

76
Q

autonomic functions of anterior hypothalamus

A

parasympathetic effects- slow HR, constrict pupil, peristalsis, salivation

77
Q

autonomic functions of posterior hypothalamus

A

sympathetic effects- increase HR/BP, dilate pupils, intestinal stasis

78
Q

axons from the anterior and posterior hypothalamus have axons that project down brainstem and spinal cord in …

A

dorsal longitudinal fasiculus

79
Q

Stimulate lateral nucleus-

lesion in lateral nucleus-

A
  • feeding

- refuse food

80
Q

Stimulate ventromedial-

lesion in ventromedial nucleus-

A
  • refuse food

- feeding

81
Q

Hypothalamus has a role in feeding, it is a result of interplay between… and…. nuclei and they make a appestat (appetite set point) and it can be altered by …
anorexics have… levels
bulimics have…levels

A
  • lateral
  • ventromedial
  • serotonin
  • high
  • low
82
Q

The part of the hypothalamus is also key to .. and…

A

rage and fear

83
Q

Example: overweight cats due to ventromedial lesions are

A

mean and aggressive

84
Q

Example: underweight cats dut to ventromedial stimulation are

A

extremely docile

85
Q

How does fight or flight work in males in the hypothalamus

A

corticotropin RH released by paraventricular nucleus–> ACTH release pituitary–> increase in cortisol from adrenal

86
Q

In fight or flight, males show activation in..

A

lateral prefrontal cortex

87
Q

In fight or flight, females show activation of…

A

cingulate gyrus (a cortical emotional control center)

88
Q

Females fight or flight response in the hypothalamus

A

tend and befriend- protect offspring and affiliate with social groups

89
Q

There is a calming effect in females when… is released in capillary bed of neurohypophysis and … counteract sympathetic over activity due to stress

A

oxytocin

estrogen

90
Q

The … nucleus gets direct input from retina and sets normal sleep/wake cycle with pineal gland

A

suprachiasmatic

91
Q

sleeping/waking, sexual arousal, memory, feeding, fight or flight are all functions of the

A

hypothalamus

92
Q

Lesions in the posterior hypothalamus can cause

A

coma or hypersomnolence

93
Q

The …. nucleus contains histaminergic neurons with wide projectons, arousal functions likely

A

tuberomammillary

94
Q

The tuberomammillary nucleus is activated by… which is liberated by lateral nucleus. Failure of … function leads to …

A

orexin
orexin
narcolepsy

95
Q

Sexual arousal in hypothalamus: a subset of neurons in the medial aspect of… is over twice as large in males than females. And it is rich in…. sensitive to circulating…

A

preoptic nucleus
adrogen receptors
testosterone

96
Q

Females have estrogen rich neurons in… nucleus

A

ventromedial

97
Q

2 general areas that provide input to hypothalamus

A

parts of forebrain, especially limbic system

brainstem and sp.

98
Q

the limbic system mostly consists of .. and..

A

cingulate

parahippocampal gyri

99
Q

The limbic cortex consists of 2 parts: …. of hippocampus and septal area and…. in parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate and insula

A

3-layered allocortex

mesocortex

100
Q

The limbic system also consists of…. nuclei: amygdala, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens and RF

A

subcortical

101
Q

Limbic system: Function of amygdala

A

emotional responses

102
Q

Limbic system: Function of hippocampus

A

learning and memory

103
Q

Afferents to hippocampus: … is the main source; it gets info from olfactory (minor) and many other areas

A

entorhinal cortex

104
Q

Input from…. to hippocampus is modulatory in mature: affects chances that info in hippocampus will be retained

A

septal nuclei

105
Q

3 distinct zones of hippocampus

A
  1. dentate gyrus
  2. hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis)
  3. subiculum (transition between hippocampus proper and adjacent parahippocampal cortex
106
Q

8 steps of hippocampal connections (afferent)

  1. afferent fibers from sensory cortex
  2. entorhinal cortex prjects to dentate gyrus (…. pathway)
  3. Dentate neuron projects to…
  4. … neuron projects into…and…
  5. … projects to subiculum
  6. subiculum projects to fimbria (… pathway)
  7. subicular neuron projects to entorhinal cortex
  8. entorhinal neuron projects to sensory cortex
A
  • perforant
  • CA3
  • CA3
  • fimbria and CA1
  • CA1
  • alvear
107
Q

important efferents of hippocampus: entorhinal to cortex and

A

fornix to mamillary bodies

108
Q

the hippocampus does… memory but not … memory

A

explicit

implicit

109
Q

Papez circuit:

  1. neurons in cingulate gyrus project back
  2. projection into…
  3. projection into…
  4. …
  5. … tract
  6. projections from anterior nucleus of thalamus to cingulate cortex
A
  • entorhinal cortex
  • hippocampus
  • fornix
  • mammillothalamic
110
Q

Long term can be…. which is the recall of facts/events or episodic memory
OR
… which is performing a learned motor funtion or riding a bike (basal ganglia)

A

explicit

implicit

111
Q

Left anterior hippocampus and …. cortex: encode novel material involving..

A

dorsolateral prefrontal

language

112
Q

Right hippocampus and …. lobe engaged in spatial tasks like..

A

inferior parietal

driving a car

113
Q

Left … more active when material is novel, as repition makes it more familiar, hippocampal activity shifts…

A

anterior

posteriorly

114
Q

The amygdala has 3 nuclear groups

A

medial- olfaction
central- hypothalamus, PAG; emotional responses
Basolateral: cortex; central nuclei; emotional responses

115
Q

Kluver-bucy syndrome is…. injury involving…

A
  • bilateral temporal lobe injury

- amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus

116
Q

Kluver-bucy syndrome symptoms

A
  • hypersexual males
  • sniff/eat everything and then not recognize it
  • fearless, no emotional reactions, doesnt flee from threats

SP2017- Anatomy Exam 3 (14 decks)

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