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SP2017- Anatomy Exam 3 > Lecture 1- Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebellum regulates… and controls…. tone and posture. It also provides … for voluntary movements.

In the near future:
Plans … in space and time

During execution:
Monitors …. motor activity
Adjusts the …. of the motor cortex and several motor nuclei

A
  • equilibrium
  • muscle
  • motor coordination

-motor actions

  • ongoing
  • output
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2
Q

Primary function of cerebellum is …

it works with basal ganglia to do this

A

motor adaptation

example: walking up/downhill instead of flat

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3
Q

Motor sequence learning is the function of the…

A

basal ganglia

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4
Q

The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa; below the …

A

tentorium cerebelli

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5
Q

Instead of gyri, the cerebellum has… which are bands of gray matter

A

folia

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6
Q

In the cerebellum, the sulci are called…

A

fissures

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7
Q

The… area of the cerebellum is also called the vestibulocerebellum

A

flocculonodular lobe

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8
Q

The medial hemisphere of the cerebellum is the…

A

Paravermal area

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9
Q

The lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum is the…

A

Pontocerebellum area

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10
Q

The purpose of folia is to…

A

increase cortical surface area

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11
Q

The…. fissure separates the anterior lobe from posterior lobe in the cerebellum

A

Primary

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12
Q

The… fissure separates the flocculonodular lobe from rest of body of cerebellum

A

Posterolateral

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13
Q

4 cerebellar deep nuclei

A
  1. Fastigal
  2. Globose
  3. Emboliform
  4. Denate
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14
Q

Most axons of the cerebellum stay in the cerebellum except from the axons of the …

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

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15
Q

The…. nucleus is the biggest deep cerebellar nuclei and it contributes most fibers in Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Denate

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16
Q

The Emboliform and Globose form the…. nucleus.

Which is more medial?

A
  • Interposed

- Globose

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17
Q

The… nucleus is small and right by the midline and is connected to the flocculonodular lobe

A

fastigal

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18
Q

The cerebellum has 3 peduncles:

A

inferior
middle
superior

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19
Q

The Inferior cerebellar peduncle had 2 parts:

A

Restiform body

Juxtarestiform body

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20
Q

The Restiform body of the inferior cerebellar peduncle has inputs from … and… and it monitors…

A
  • spinal cord
  • brainstem
  • muscle and limb movement
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21
Q

The Juxtarestiform body of the Inferior cerebellar peduncle interconnects… and…

A
  • vestibular nuclei

- cerebellum

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22
Q

The… cerebellar reduncle is also called the branchium pontis and is the largest. It is lateral to the pons, has afferents from contralateral basis pontis and relays motor signals from cerebral cortex

A

middle

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23
Q

The…. cerebellar peduncle is also called the branchium conjunctivum and has mostly efferent fibers to red nucleus and thalamus (VL)

A

Superior

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24
Q

Information from the spinal cord and brainstem are … fibers

A

mossy

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25
Q

Information from the contralateral inferior nucleus (olive) in rostral medulla are… fibers

A

climbing

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26
Q

Mossy fibers from the spinal cord and brainstem travel via .. and … cerebellar peduncles and they synapse in …

A
  • inferior
  • middle
  • granule layer (in bottom of cerebellar cortex)
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27
Q

After the mossy fibers synapse in the granule layer of the cerebellar cortex, the axons go to the….

A

Purkinje cell layer (piriform layer)

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28
Q

The purkinje cells are the only ones that…

A

leave the cerebellar cortex to talk to the deep cerebellar nuclei

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29
Q

From the deep cerebellar nuclei, the fibers from dentate and interposed nuclei go via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the…. and…
OR
from the fastigal, via the inferior cerebellar peduncle (juxtarestiform part) to the…

A
  • red nucleus (midbrain)
  • thalamus (VL)
  • vestibular nuclei
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30
Q

The climbing fibers travel from the…. via …and then synapses…

A
  • inferior olivary nucleus (olive) in rostral medulla
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • in molecular layer of purkinje cell dendrites
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31
Q

The spinocerebellar tracts are afferent and the anterior goes through the… peduncle, the posterior goes through the…. peduncle and the cuneocerebellar goes through the … peduncle

A
  • superior
  • inferior
  • inferior
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32
Q

The trigeminal is a cerebellar affferent and it uses … peduncles

A

all 3

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33
Q

Special sense (vision, hearing, vestibular) cerebellar afferents are… and…

A
  • tectocerebellar tract ipsilateral colliculi

- vestibulocerebellar from ipsilateral vestibular nuclei

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34
Q

The pontocerebellar is a cerebellar afferent and uses the… peduncle

A

middle cerebellar

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35
Q

The olivocerebellar (climbing fibers) is a cerebral afferent and uses the… peduncle

A

inferior cerebellar

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36
Q

The reticulocerebellar (paramedian and lateral reticular nuclei in medulla) is a cerebral afferent and uses the… peduncle

A

inferior cerebellar

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37
Q

Origin of Posterior spinocerebellar tract? and body part represented?
Does it cross midline?
Peduncle used to enter cerebellum?
Major inputs?

A
  • Clarke’s nucleus (T1-L2/3)
  • Trunk, leg
  • no
  • inferior
  • mechanoreceptors in muscle, joints, skin
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38
Q 
Origin of anterior spinocerebellar tract?
Body part represented?
Does it cross midline?
Peduncle used to enter cerebellum?
Major inputs?
A
  • Spinal border cells (T12-L5)
  • trunk, leg
  • 2x, first in cord and then in cerebellum
  • superior
  • mechanoreceptors, movement-related interneurons
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39
Q 
Origin of cuneocerebellar tract?
Body part represented?
Does it cross midline?
Peduncle used to enter cerebellum?
Major inputs?
A
  • lateral cuneate nucleus in medulla
  • trunk, arm
  • no
  • inferior
  • mechanoreceptors in muscles, joints, skin
40
Q

The olive is in the

A

rostral medulla

41
Q

The sensorimotor cortex projects via…. onto ipsilateral…

A
  • corticospinal collaterals

- olivary nuclei

42
Q

Olivocerebellar fibers project to… through Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

contralateral cerebellar cortex

43
Q

Info from the inferior olivary nuclei go mostly to the…. lobe

A

posterior

44
Q

Info fro the accessory olivary nuclei go mostly to the… lobe

A

anterior

45
Q

Climbing fibers enter cerebellum via… and then they divide into…. branches and the synapse as the only climbing fiber on a particular purkinje cell but they synapse hundreds of times

A
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle

- 5-10

46
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: At rest, groups of olivary neurons synchronously discharge and cause

A

complex spikes in purkinje cells

47
Q

Complex spikes is the occurrence of …. in one neuron in response to a single AP from another neuron

A

multiple APs

48
Q

Olivocerebellar tract: With training, performing a motor task purkinje cell discharges are…

A

simple spikes (produced by parallel fibers)

49
Q

If unexpected obstacle to learned motor task is encountered, …. result each time obstacle is encountered.

As animal learns to overcome obstacle, complex spikes…

A
  • complex spikes

- decrease in # and eventually disappear

50
Q

Inferior olivary nuclei are involved in motor learning and the…

A

acquisition of new motor skills

51
Q

The red nucleus is located in the… and is believed to be a …

A
  • rostral midbrain

- novelty detector

52
Q

Input to the red nucleus are collaterals from…. and….

A
  • cerebral cortical fibers descending to olive

- cerebellar output fibers ascending to thalamus

53
Q

The output of the red nucleus is…

A

Inhibitory to ipsilateral olivary nucleus

54
Q

If a mismatch is detected between the intended movement and the movement that is performed then the…. may release appropriate olivary neurons until the two align

A

red nucleus

55
Q

The cerebellar cortex is uniform throughout and has 3 layers:

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
Granule layer

56
Q

The molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex contains….

A

purkinje cell dendrites and granule cell axons

57
Q

The purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex contains only…

A

axons to leave cortex

58
Q

Cerebellum is involved in…,… and…

A
  • equilibrium
  • muscle tone and posture
  • coordinating voluntary movements
59
Q

the cerebellum has…. somatotrophy. Trunk is represented more… and limbs more…

A

fractured
medially
laterally

60
Q

Each cerebellar zone is related to a particular,..

A

deep nucleus

61
Q

The …. is the longitudinal zone of the lateral hemisphere and projects to dentate nucleus

A

pontocerebellum

62
Q

The… is the longitudinal zone of the medial hemisphere (paravermal area) and is associated with interposed nucleus (globulous and emboliform)

A

spinocerebellum

63
Q

The…. longitudinal zone is the midline and is associated with the flocculonodular lobe, vermis and fastigal nucleus

A

vestibulocerebellum

64
Q

Input for the vestibulocerebellum

A

vestibular labyrinth

vestibular nuclei

65
Q

Output of vestibulocerebellum

A

fastigal nucleus>vestibular nuclei

vestibular nuclei

66
Q

The function of the vestibulocerebellum longitudinal zone

A
  • control of eye movements in response to head movements

- balance

67
Q

Cerebellar efferent: vestibulocerebellum:
From fastigial nucleus; fibers project to…. via … with contralateral projection through cerebellar white matter (unicinate fasiculus)

A
  • bilateral vestibular nuclei

- ICP

68
Q

Cerebellar efferent: vestibulocerebellum:

Output to medial and lateral vestibular nuclei control… through…

A
  • eyes

- medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF)

69
Q

Cerebellar efferent: vestibulocerebellum:

Output to ipsilateral lateral vestibular nucleus mediates…

A

balancing function of vestibulospinal tract

70
Q

Cerebellar efferent: vestibulocerebellum:

Some purkinje cell axons don’t…. and exert direct…. on …

A
  • synapse in fastigial nucleus
  • tonic inhibition
  • lateral vestibular nucleus
71
Q

Input of spinocerebellum

A 
spinal cord (spinocerebellar tracts)
brainstem (trigeminal afferents)
72
Q

Output of spinocerebellum

A
  • interposed nucleus
  • –red nucleus (magnocellular portion)
  • ——rubrospinal and reticulospinal pathways
  • VA/VL of thalamus
  • -limb area of primary motor cortex
73
Q

Function of spinocerebellum

A
  • posture and gait

- coordination of trunk and limb movements

74
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Spinocerebellum:
From interposed nucleus, axons leave through… and mostly terminate in:

-contralateral…. : those ending in pontomedullary RF regulate function of…. in…
OR
-contralateral…. which is involved in motor learning

A
  • SCP
  • reticular formation
  • tectospinal tract
  • posture and locomotion
  • red nucleus
75
Q

Function of pontocerebellum or neocerebellum

A
  • planning the timing of movements especially of UL

- coordination of speech

76
Q

Output of pontocerebellum

A

Dentate nucleus

  • red nucleus-parcocellular portion (inferior olivary nucleus)
  • VA/VL of thalamus (all motor cortex and parietal lobe)
77
Q

Input of pontocerebellum

A

motor cortex- basiliar pons- MCP

78
Q

Cerebellar efferents: Pontocerebellum:
From the dentate nucleus; forms large… which is most of…

The…. then decussates in…

The collaterals goto the…

Synapses in….. of thalamus

Then info projected by VL neurons to motor areas of cerebral cortex

A
  • dentatorubrothalamic tract
  • SCP
  • SCP
  • caudal midbrain
  • red nucleus
  • ventral lateral nucleus
79
Q

One cerebral hemisphere controls… muscles (corticospinal tract)

A

contralateral

80
Q

One half of cerebellum influences …. limbs

One half of cerebellum projects to … thalamus

A

ipsilateral

contralateral

81
Q

Lateral hemispheres function is planning …. movements, those that become more…. and… with practice

A
  • learned, skilled
  • precise
  • rapid
82
Q

Injury to lateral hemisphere of cerebellum involves… and…

A

arm and speech

83
Q

An…. is when upper extremity shakes as target is approached, hand may overshoot target. This could be an injury of the…. hemisphere

A
  • intention tremor

- lateral

84
Q

…. is rapid alternating movements. This could be an injury of the … hemisphere

A
  • Dysdiadochokinesia

- lateral

85
Q

… is the finger to nose test. Injury to… hemisphere could affect this

A
  • Dysmetria

- lateral

86
Q

… is uneven phonation ( production of vowel sounds) aka scanning or explosive speech. It could be an injury of the…. hemisphere

A
  • Dysarthria

- lateral

87
Q

The function of the medial hemispheres is

A

adjusting limb movements

88
Q

Function of vermis

A

postural adjustments

89
Q

Injury of the vermis could cause…. which is disturbances in balance while seated, also standing and gait ataxia. This is caused by disrupted …. function

A
  • truncal ataxia

- lateral vestibulospinal tract

90
Q

… is an anterior lobe lesion where a person cant walk without feet wide apart and staggering walk (even when sober)

A

gait ataxia

91
Q

The function of the vestibulocerebellum

A

Flocculus and vermis important in eye movements

92
Q

Injury of the vestibulocerebellum could result in…. which is back and forth eye movements

A

Nystagmus

93
Q

cerebellum has a role in … and … naming

A

functional (drive, fly)

object (car, plane)

94
Q

lateral cerebellar activity highest during..

A

-speech

95
Q

strokes in cerebellum can cause …. defects such as decrease in reasoning power, inattention, grammatical errors and patchy memory loss. Or … defects like dulling of emotional responses, abberent emotional behaviors

A
  • cognitive

- affective

SP2017- Anatomy Exam 3 (14 decks)

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