Lecture 2 Exam 2 Flashcards
When did seed plants first begin to diversify from their seedless ancestor?
319 MYA
What are seed plants evolved from?
Spore-bearing plants known as progymnosperms
What is the primary advantage of seeds?
Protects and provides food for embryo
What is a seed?
Care packages for the new plant containing DNA, RNA, a few proteins, a multicellular embryo, and a store of nutrients
What does the endosperm in seeds store?
Macro molecules like carbohydrates and lipids
What protects the embryo in seeds?
Integument
What is the difference between spores and seeds?
Spores are haploid, smaller, and have no extra storage structures; seeds are diploid, larger, and have extra storage structures
What are the two kinds of gametophytes?
- Male gametophytes (pollen grains) * Female gametophytes (develop within an ovule)
What are the five phyla of extant seed plants?
- Gymnosperms * Angiosperms
What does the term ‘gymnosperms’ mean?
‘Naked seed’ with no flower or fruit
What are the four living groups of gymnosperms?
- Coniferophytes * Cycadophytes * Gnetophytes * Ginkgophytes
What is the tallest living vascular plant?
Coastal redwood
What is the oldest living tree?
Bristlecone pine
What are the characteristics of pines?
- Tough needlelike leaves in clusters * Thick cuticle and recessed stomata * Canals with resin
Where do female pine cones form?
On the upper branches of the same tree
What are cycads?
Slow-growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions resembling palm trees
What are gnetophytes known for?
Having three unusual genera: Welwitschia, Ephedra, and Gnetum
What is the only living species of ginkgophytes?
Ginkgo biloba
What defines angiosperms?
Flowering plants that have fruit
What develops into fruit in angiosperms?
Carpel
What are the unique features of angiosperms?
- Flower production * Insect pollination * Broad leaves with thick veins
What is the oldest known angiosperm in the fossil record?
Archaefructus
What are the parts of a flower organized in?
Whorls
What does the innermost whorl of a flower consist of?
Gynoecium, which houses the female gametophyte
What is double fertilization in angiosperms?
An embryo and a substantial, ready-made food source (endosperm)
What are the two major groups of flowering plants?
- Monocots * Eudicots (or dicots)
What is a defining feature of monocots?
Parallel veins in their leaves
What distinguishes eudicots from monocots?
Leaves with branching veins and flower parts in fours or fives
What are the three main types of plant tissues?
- Dermal * Ground * Vascular
What is the function of dermal tissue?
Protective function on external surfaces
What do parenchyma cells function in?
Storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
What are the two types of vascular tissue?
- Xylem * Phloem
What is the principal function of xylem?
Water conduction
What is the principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants?
Phloem
What are meristems?
Clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei that act as stem cells
What does the apical meristem give rise to?
Primary tissues, collectively called the primary plant body
What do lateral meristems produce?
Secondary tissues, collectively called the secondary plant body
What is cork cambium responsible for?
Producing outer bark
What does vascular cambium produce?
Secondary vascular tissue
