Lecture 2-Evolution, Systematics, and the origin of Tetrapod Flashcards
What is Systematics
The naming and taxonomy of organisms based on their evolutionary relationships.
What is monophyletic
Most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants
What is paraphyletic
Most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all of its descendants
What is another name for Reptilia?
Sauropsida
What were the immediate ancestors to amphibians (lobe-finned fishes)
Sarccopterygyians
What was the tetrapodomorph fish that had both fish and amphibian qualities
Tiktaalik
What were two examples of the earliest Tetrapods
Acanthostega and Icthyostega
The tetrapods split into two lineages 370-340 mya. What was the lineage that went on to be the ancestors for all amphibians?
Temnospondyli
The tetrapods split into two lineages 370-340 mya. What was the lineage that went on to be the ancestors for reptiles, birds and mammals?
Anthracosaurus
What were the reptile like amphibians called?
Lepospondyli
What were the five major features of early tetrapods?
1)Lungs
2)Wrist joints and elbows (From Tiktaalik)
3)Neck
4)Thick larval amphibian skin
5)senses organs (i.e 2 nasal openings instead of one)
Of the five major features, what was passed down by fishes, created by amphibians, or were found in both species?
Fish: lungs
Amphibian: Neck, wrist joints
Both: Sensory organs and skin
What are the 12 synapomorphies of amphibians
1) teeth- Pedicellate and bicuspid
2)Middle ear- stapes and Opercular apparatus
3)Inner ear- 2 sensory patches
4) different fat bodies and gonads
5)Mucous and serous skin
6) green rods
7) Levator bulbi muscle
8)respiration- buccopharyngeal pumping and cutoneous
9)Short and straght ribs
10)radius and Ulna
11)Skull articulates at 2 points
12) less Skull bones
How do amphibians hear high pitch tones?
Sound hits the tympanum membrane and hits the stapes bone which will then push on the Papilla Basilaris
How do Amphibians hear low pitch tones?
Sound hits the Tympanum membrane and pushes on the Opercular Apparatus, which then pushes against the Papilla Amphibiarum
What does a Levator Bulbi Muscle do?
It lifts the eyes while a frog eats so that they can still keep an eye out for predators
What is serous?
Poison glands for everything.
What is the difference between Buccopharyngeal pumping and cutaneous respiration?
Buccopharyngeal is respiration by breathing from the mouth to through the throat while cutaneous is through the skin.
The living reptiles can be represented by two monophyletic clades. Which clade represents the turtles, crocs, and birds?
Archosauromorpha
The tetrapod split into two lineages 370-340 Mya. What was the lineage that went on to be the ancestors for all amphibians?
Temnospondyli
