Lecture 2-Evolution, Systematics, and the origin of Tetrapod

Question 1

What is Systematics

Answer 1

The naming and taxonomy of organisms based on their evolutionary relationships.

Question 2

What is monophyletic

Answer 2

Most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants

Question 3

What is paraphyletic

Answer 3

Most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all of its descendants

Question 4

What is another name for Reptilia?

Answer 4

Sauropsida

Question 5

What were the immediate ancestors to amphibians (lobe-finned fishes)

Answer 5

Sarccopterygyians

Question 6

What was the tetrapodomorph fish that had both fish and amphibian qualities

Answer 6

Tiktaalik

Question 7

What were two examples of the earliest Tetrapods

Answer 7

Acanthostega and Icthyostega

Question 8

The tetrapods split into two lineages 370-340 mya. What was the lineage that went on to be the ancestors for all amphibians?

Answer 8

Temnospondyli

Question 9

The tetrapods split into two lineages 370-340 mya. What was the lineage that went on to be the ancestors for reptiles, birds and mammals?

Answer 9

Anthracosaurus

Question 10

What were the reptile like amphibians called?

Answer 10

Lepospondyli

Question 11

What were the five major features of early tetrapods?

Answer 11

1)Lungs
2)Wrist joints and elbows (From Tiktaalik)
3)Neck
4)Thick larval amphibian skin
5)senses organs (i.e 2 nasal openings instead of one)

Question 12

Of the five major features, what was passed down by fishes, created by amphibians, or were found in both species?

Answer 12

Fish: lungs
Amphibian: Neck, wrist joints
Both: Sensory organs and skin

Question 13

What are the 12 synapomorphies of amphibians

Answer 13

1) teeth- Pedicellate and bicuspid
2)Middle ear- stapes and Opercular apparatus
3)Inner ear- 2 sensory patches
4) different fat bodies and gonads
5)Mucous and serous skin
6) green rods
7) Levator bulbi muscle
8)respiration- buccopharyngeal pumping and cutoneous
9)Short and straght ribs
10)radius and Ulna
11)Skull articulates at 2 points
12) less Skull bones

Question 14

How do amphibians hear high pitch tones?

Answer 14

Sound hits the tympanum membrane and hits the stapes bone which will then push on the Papilla Basilaris

Question 15

How do Amphibians hear low pitch tones?

Answer 15

Sound hits the Tympanum membrane and pushes on the Opercular Apparatus, which then pushes against the Papilla Amphibiarum

Question 16

What does a Levator Bulbi Muscle do?

Answer 16

It lifts the eyes while a frog eats so that they can still keep an eye out for predators

Question 17

What is serous?

Answer 17

Poison glands for everything.

Question 18

What is the difference between Buccopharyngeal pumping and cutaneous respiration?

Answer 18

Buccopharyngeal is respiration by breathing from the mouth to through the throat while cutaneous is through the skin.

Question 19

The living reptiles can be represented by two monophyletic clades. Which clade represents the turtles, crocs, and birds?

Answer 19

Archosauromorpha

Question 20

The tetrapod split into two lineages 370-340 Mya. What was the lineage that went on to be the ancestors for all amphibians?

Answer 20

Temnospondyli