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BIO232 Plant Ecology > Lecture 2: Evolution Of Plants > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Evolution Of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Geological time scale

A
  1. Present
  2. Holocene: the current warm period. 11, 700 yr to present.
  3. Quaternary: ice ages
  4. Hominids
  5. Extinction of the dinosaurs: 65 Ma
  6. Flowering Plants: 145 Ma
  7. Early Mammals: 208Ma
  8. Gymnosperms (seed-producing plants) and amphibians: 362Ma
  9. Land Plants: 420 Ma
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2
Q

Origin of plants

A
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3
Q

Precambrian (Earliest forms of plant life)

A

900 million years ago = ‘Supercontinent’
Algae

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4
Q

Cambrian and Ordovician periods (540 - 440 Ma)

A
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5
Q

Silurian period (440-410 Ma)

A

1st land plants
Soil begin develop
Plants move out of water onto land

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6
Q

Cooksonia

A

Extinct group of primitive land plants

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7
Q

Plant adaptations to survive on land

A
  • surface to prevent drying out (cuticle)
  • pores for gas exchange & regulate H2O loss (stomata)
  • vascular system to distribute H2O, minerals & food (xylem & phloem)
  • support to give structure to plant body (vascular tissue, lignin). Grow taller to reach light
  • an anchoring system (roots)
    ……..
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8
Q

The first forests

A
  • 395-286 Ma. Devonian and Carboniferous
  • terrestrial fauna evolved from one composed of small vascular & non-vascular plants to a vegetation that included trees towering…..
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9
Q

Lepidodendron ‘scale tree’

A
  • extinct genus of primitive tree related to the club mosses (not a moss)
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10
Q

Lepidodendron ‘scale tree’

A
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11
Q

Calamites: extinct genus of arborescent (trees) horsetails

A
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12
Q

Coal formation

A

350-300 Ma - Carboniferous Swamp Forests

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13
Q

% of CO2 & O2

A

CO2 removed by plant growth and limestone rock formation in Carboniferous

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14
Q

Evolution of Gymnosperms (seed-producing plants)

A
  • originated in early Carboniferous …
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15
Q

Gymnosperms

A

-

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16
Q

Extant Gymnosperms

A
  • Conifers
  • Cycads
  • Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree)
  • Gnetales: Ephedra (arid areas), Gnetum (tropical evergreens), Welwitschia mirabilis
17
Q

.

A
18
Q

Evolution of the Angiosperms
(Flowering Plants)

A
  • 1st flowering plants appeared in the fossil record from ~140Ma (Cretaceous Peirod)
19
Q

Angiosperms

A
20
Q

Evolution of grasses: Eocene Epoch (Tertiary) (65 - 50 Ma)

A
  • appearance of grasses mark one of most important evolutionary events for humankind.
  • presently, there more than 10,000 species of grasses on the planet
  • ## grass-dominated ecosystems (tropical & subtropical savannah, temperate grasslands, and steppes) cover more than 30% of earths land surface
21
Q

Changing earth

A
22
Q

Plate tectonics: why plant evolution related to periods of increased continental plate movement?

A
  • amount of available land area (as compared to around of ocean)
    ….

BIO232 Plant Ecology (5 decks)

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