Lecture 2 - EVOLUTION OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
EARLY PIONEERS
Appalled by deplorable conditions in “asylums” where mentally ill lived. Devoted much of his life to improving their treatment.
he also raised funds to open the York Retreat (1796),
William Tuke
(1732-1822)
Lived in England
a model of humane treatment.
William Tuke raised funds to open this.
The York Retreat (1796)
EARLY PIONEERS
Introduced ideas of a case history, treatment notes, and illness classification, indicating care about their well-being.
he advocated more humane treatment of the mentally ill in france
Phillippe Pinel
(1745-1826)
EARLY PIONEERS
Using Pinel’s efforts as a model, he opened humane treatment centers in USA
A physician in Connecticut
Eli Todd
(1762-1832)
EARLY PIONEERS
Worked in a prison in Boston, and observed that many inmates were mentally ill rather than criminals.
Dorothea Dix
(1802-1887)
EARLY PIONEERS
Traveled to various cities to persuade leaders to build facilities for humane
treatment of mentally ill. It resulted in over 30 state institutions in US and other countries
Dorothea Dix
(1802-1887)
EARLY PIONEERS
In 1896, he founded the first psychological clinic at the U. of Pennsylvania
Lightner Witmer
(1867-1956)
EARLY PIONEERS
He also founded the first scholarly clinical psychology journal,** The Psychological Clinic**, in 1907
Lightner Witmer
(1867-1956)
EARLY PIONEERS
His work set the stage for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), which continues to dominate diagnosis today.
Emil Kraepelin
(1855-1926)
EARLY PIONEERS
He is considered a pioneer of diagnosis.
And coined some of the earliest terms to categorize mental illness
- Dementia Praecox (Schizophrenia)
- Manic-Depressive Psychosis (Bipolar Disorder)
- Psychic Degeneration (mental & behavioral deterioration seen in psychiatric patients)
Emil Kraepelin
(1855-1926)
EVOLUTION OF ASSESSMENT: DIAGNOSTIC ISSUES
Most drastic change in DSMs is from DSM-II to DSM-III. Those changes are:
- Larger, including more disorders
- Specific diagnostic criteria
- Multi-axial system
EVOLUTION OF ASSESSMENT: DIAGNOSTIC ISSUES
Change from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5
From multi-axial system to categorical system
ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE - Early theories
Early theories debates about the definition of intelligence focused on “g” factor (a single, general intelligence) vs. ”s” factors (specific intelligences)
Charles Spearman
ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE - Late theories
Introduced the concept of mental age as part of his work on intelligence testing.
Alfred Binet
refers to the age level at which an individual is functioning intellectually.
Mental Age (MA)
EVOLUTION OF ASSESSMENT: ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE
Binet’s early terms for categorization were stigmatizing. Today, it is considered obsolete and offensive.
Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale (1905)
EVOLUTION OF ASSESSMENT: ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE
3 CATEGORIES on Binet Simon Intelligence Scale (1905)
- Idiot
- Imbecile
- Moron
EVOLUTION OF ASSESSMENT: ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE
PUBLISHED:
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-5): adults andadolescents (16 to 90 years, 11 months)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V): Children (6-16 years old)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI- IV): preschool-age children (2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 7 months)
David Wechsler
Wechsler-Bellevue
EVOLUTION OF ASSESSMENT: ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY
Wherein clients “project” personality onto ambiguous stimuli.
Projective tests
PROJECTIVE TESTS
A Projective Test in which clients respond to ambiguous 10 symmetrical inkblots.
RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST
Hermann Rorschach -1921
PROJECTIVE TESTS
A Projective Test in which clients respond to ambiguous interpersonal scenes by telling stories. It is designed to measure need levels.
It has 31 CARDS
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST
Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan in 1935
EVOLUTION OF ASSESSMENT: ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY
Typically paper-and-pencil, self-report, and more scientifically sound
Objective tests
OBJECTIVE TESTS
The most widely used objective test of psychopathology.
MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY
INVENTORY (MMPI)
