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Pathology > Lecture 2 - Epidemiology Primer > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Epidemiology Primer Flashcards

1
Q

Study of factors affecting occurrence of chronic and infectious disease

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

What is the transfer from mother to fetus?

A

Vertical (could also be congenital)

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3
Q

Value most impacted by the prevalence of a disease in a population

A

Positive predictive value

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4
Q

Formula used to calculate the sensitivity of an assay

A

TP/(TP+FN)

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5
Q

Formula used to calculate the specificity of an assay

A

TN/(TN+FP)

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6
Q

Formula used to calculate the positive predictive value of an assay

A

TP/(TP+FP)

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7
Q

Formula used to calculate the negative predictive value of an assay

A

TN/(TN+FN)

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8
Q

Rate of infection disease is calculated by what equation?

A

Actual cases (people who actually have the disease)/Potential cases (people at risk)

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9
Q

Direct and Indirect are what forms of transmission of infectious diseases?

A

Horizontal

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10
Q

In utero, during birth, colostrum, and suckled milk are what forms of transmission of infectious diseases?

A

Vertical

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11
Q

What’s the difference between mortality and morbidity?

A 
Mortality = death
Morbidity = illness
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12
Q

Disease that has a relatively stable and expected incidence and prevalence within a geographic area (and population)

A

Endemic

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13
Q

An abrupt and unexpected increase in the incidence of disease over endemic rates

A

Epidemic

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14
Q

Spread of disease beyond continental boundaries

A

Pandemic

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15
Q

Number of new cases of an infectious disease that occurs within a defined population over a defined period of time

A

Incidence

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16
Q

Number of active cases at any given time (total)

A

Prevalence

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17
Q

What happens to incidence and prevalence if: new effective treatment is initiated

A

Incidence: stays same
Prevalence: decreases

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18
Q

What happens to incidence and prevalence if: new effective vaccine gains widespread use

A

Incidence: decreases
Prevalence: decreases

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19
Q

What happens to incidence and prevalence if: number of deaths from the condition declines

A

Incidence: stays same
Prevalence: increases

20
Q

What happens to incidence and prevalence if: recovery is more rapid than it was 1 year ago

A

Incidence: stays same
Prevalence: decreases

21
Q

What type of study asks “What’s happening?” And collects data from a population to assess frequency of disease (and risk factors) at a particular point in time?

A

Cross-sectional study

22
Q

What does the cross-sectional study measure?

A

Disease prevalence

23
Q

What type of study asks, “What happened?” And compares a group of people with the disease (cases) to a group without disease (controls) in order to look for prior exposure or risk factors?

A

Case-control study

24
Q

What does the case-control study measure?

A

Odds ratio

  • starts with disease
  • proceeds from effect to cause
25
Q

What type of study asks, “who gets it?” And compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure to look to see if exposure affects the likelihood of the disease?

A

Cohort study

26
Q

What does the cohort study measure?

A

Relative risk

  • starts with exposure
  • proceeds from cause to effect
27
Q

Sensitivity is about what?

A

The disease

28
Q

Positive predictive values are about what?

A

The test

29
Q

Likelihood that a sick person tests positive (TP)

A

Sensitivity

30
Q

Likelihood a non-sick person tests negative (TN)

A

Specificity

31
Q

Likelihood that a positive test is found only in sick people (P’s)

A

Positive predictive value

32
Q

Likelihood that a negative test is found only in non-sick people (N’s)

A

Negative predictive value

33
Q

Diseased people with a positive test

A

Sensitivity (needs treatment)

34
Q

Nondiseased people with a negative test

A

Specificity

35
Q

Positive test results in diseased people

A

Positive predictive value

36
Q

Negative test results in nondiseased people

A

Negative predictive value

37
Q

TP/(TP+FN)

A

Sensitivity

38
Q

TN/(TN+FP)

A

Specificity

39
Q

TP/(TP+FP)

A

Positive predictive value

40
Q

TN/(TN+FN)

A

Negative predictive value

41
Q

What does prevalence of disease affect?

A

Only things with a positive

42
Q

What does prevalence impact?

A

PPV but doesn’t affect the others

43
Q

What does high prevalence do to the PPV?

A

Improves PPV

44
Q

What does low prevalence do to PPV?

A

Harms PPV

45
Q

Positive screening tests are best suited for what patients?

A

Patients suspected of having the condition of interest

Pathology (4 decks)

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